An infrared-safe jet clustering algorithm invented by Matteo Cacciari takes the reciprocal of a component of this quantity. A parton distribution function gives the probability density of finding a parton at a given value of a component of this quantity. The transverse component of this quantity is large for “hard” interactions like hadronization and small for “soft” interactions. The scattering vector q represents the transfer of this quantity, where this quantity equals Planck’s constant times wavevector. In the analysis of scattering problems, the center of mass frame is often generalized by an inertial frame named the center of this quantity. Both elastic and inelastic collisions obey this quantity’s conservation law. For 10 points, name this quantity equal to mass times velocity.
ANSWER: (linear) momentum [accept transverse momentum; accept longitudinal momentum; accept (longitudinal or transverse) momentum fraction; accept momentum transfer; accept center of momentum frame; accept conservation of momentum; prompt on p or kt or pt or PT or P1 or x by asking “what quantity does that represent?”; prompt on anti-kt algorithm; reject “angular momentum”]

A military scandal in this decade was caused by two peacekeepers’ murder of the teenager Shidane Arone. In this decade, the nickname “B.S. Tax” was given to a proposed overhaul of the new GST. In this decade, Preston Manning and the Reform Party campaigned against a constitutional amendment, the second to propose recognizing one region as a “distinct society.” A federal election in this decade saw the first participation of the Bloc Québécois (“keb-eh-kwah”) and featured an ad that appeared to attack a party leader’s Bell’s palsy. The Charlottetown Accord failed in this decade, after which the Progressive Conservatives lost all but two of their seats in Parliament under the leadership of Kim Campbell. For 10 points, name this decade in which Canada entered NAFTA.
ANSWER: 1990s

This composer argued that imagination is the defining trait of a “gifted listener” in the first of the Norton Lectures he published as Music and Imagination. This composer used a 10-tone row, reserving the other two pitches for cadences, in a half-hour long, one-movement Piano Fantasy. This composer distinguished “expressive,” “sensuous,” and “sheerly musical” planes of experience in What to Listen For in Music. A visit to a “popular type dance hall” with his friend Carlos Chavez inspired an orchestral work by this composer that quotes folk songs like “El Palo Verde,” titled El Salón México. A piece that this composer originally titled “Ballet for Martha” concludes with the Shaker hymn “Simple Gifts.” For 10 points, name this populist American composer of Appalachian Spring.
ANSWER: Aaron Copland

Description acceptable. A year after the largest instance of this action, a tourism board ran ads with a handsome plumber to spoof a stock character invoked by opponents of it. The PHARE restructuring program was created to assist in this action. The Copenhagen criteria were drawn up in anticipation of multiple instances of this action after the breakup of the Soviet Union. The “petit oui” was a lukewarm response to one proposed instance of this action, which was rejected by two referendums in Norway. The abandonment --5 Joel Miles of preliminary steps toward taking this action by the government of Viktor Yanukovych triggered the Maidan uprising. The adoption of a common currency following this action is governed by criteria laid out in the Maastricht Treaty. For 10 points, name this action that was reversed by Brexit.
ANSWER: accession to the European Union [accept joining in place of “accession”; accept EU or European Community or European Communities or EC or European Economic Community or EEC in place of “European Union”; accept enlargement of the European Union or EU; accept European integration]

It’s not the US or Iran, but in this country unfabricated, threatening “night letters” were nailed to doors and posted on public buildings to threaten perceived traitors. The 2022 documentary Retrograde has come under heavy criticism for creating an unintentional “hit list” within this country due to its failure to blur faces. Citizens of the UK and this country were the main targets of Operation Pitting. Prior to its closure, the CARE Office provided support for the processing of SIVs for citizens of this country. Operation Allies Refuge occurred within this country, where dozens of C-17s airlifted out foreign collaborators like Dari interpreters and minesweepers, out of Hamid Karzai International Airport. For 10 points, the US evacuated what country’s capital of Kabul in August 2021?
ANSWER: Afghanistan [or Islamic Republic of Afghanistan or Jamhuriye Islamiye Afghanistan]

Migrants from this country were interned by police in a government building called the CIV. Assistance from the Jeanson network allowed militants from this country to operate abroad. Troops stationed in this country planned to carry out a coup in Operation Resurrection. Violence between rival nationalist movements from this country took place in a different country in the Café Wars. The Manifesto of the 121 condemned the use of torture in this country. A crisis caused by a war in this country led to the collapse of another country’s Fourth Republic in May 1958. Fighters derisively called harkis and refugees called pieds-noir (“pyay-nwarr”) left this country after it achieved independence in the Évian Accords. For 10 points, name this North African country that fought a 1950s independence war from France.
ANSWER: Algeria [or People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria]

TOAC (“T-O-A-C”) is a cyclic, radical one of these compounds used as a spin label in EPR spectroscopy. Isotope-labeled versions of these compounds are used in SILAC (“SYE-lack”) experiments. Derivatives of one of these compounds react with boroxines (“bor-OCK-seens”) to form asymmetric Corey–Bakshi–Shibata catalysts. These compounds are conjugated onto Wang resins using coupling agents like benzotriazoles or carbodiimides (“carbo-die-IM-mydes”) in Merrifield solid-phase synthesis. In that method, these compounds must be protected by groups like Boc (“bock”) and Fmoc (“F-mock”). These compounds are formed by treating an aldehyde with hydrogen cyanide then hydrolysis during the Strecker synthesis. Simple examples of these compounds can be formed by electrical discharges, as demonstrated by Miller and Urey. For 10 points, name +10 George Matsumura these building blocks for polypeptides.
ANSWER: amino acids [or AAs; accept alpha- or beta- amino acids; accept L- or D- amino acids; accept prolines; accept peptides or dipeptides or polypeptides or solid-phase peptide synthesis until read; accept SPPS; accept proteins; prompt on amines; prompt on carboxylic acids] (TOAC is 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl-4- amino-4-carboxylic acid.)

Rates for associative substitution of this compound in metal aquo complexes gave evidence for a pre-equilibrium step in the Eigen–Wilkins mechanism. Ligands of this compound coordinated to two pyridine-bridged ruthenium centers form a classic mixed-valence complex isolated by Carol Creutz and Henry Taube. This compound causes mercury(I) (“mercury-one”) chloride to disproportionate into a black solution, hence the name “calomel.” Planctomycetota bacteria anaerobically oxidize this compound into hydrazine, which can also be done by the Olin–Raschig process. The first maser was built with this compound due to its low barrier for umbrella inversion. This is the lightest trigonal pyramidal compound. For 10 points, the Haber–Bosch process generates what compound with formula NH3?
ANSWER: ammonia [or NH3 until read; accept ammine ligand or metal ammine complexes]

In a town in this region partly named Setenil, rows of white houses are built into the cliff under massive outcrops. A part of this region called the “plastic sea” appears totally white from space from the ubiquitous greenhouses used by co-operatives to grow exported vegetables. This region’s Tabernas Desert is the only natural desert on its continent. A river in this region is called the Tinto due to heavy metals in the soil, which is exacerbated by mining drainage north of its mouth at Huelva. Two of this region’s largest cities are located south of the Sierra Morena Mountains along the Guadalquivir River. This region is home to the Mezquita and the Alhambra, both built in the Moorish style. For 10 points, name this autonomous community of Southern Spain home to Córdoba and Seville.
ANSWER: Andalusia [or Andalucía; accept the province of Almeria or province of Cádiz or province of Córdoba until read; accept El Ejido; prompt on Iberia or Southern Spain]

Guidelines for medical management of this condition are given in a document known as MARSIPAN. This condition was described in 1873 by William Gull, who had treated an early patient with this condition named “Miss A.” Hilde Bruch’s book The Golden Cage studied the “enigma” of this condition, which is the most common to be treated via the Maudsley Method. This condition, which is similar to a condition called ARFID, had a “mirabilis” type that affected Catherine of Siena and Wilgefortis during the Middle Ages. This condition is often considered to have the highest mortality of all psychiatric conditions, partly due to refeeding syndrome. For 10 points, name this condition characterized by a restriction of energy intake, often contrasted with bulimia nervosa.
ANSWER: anorexia nervosa [or AN; or nervous anorexia; or anorexia mirabilis; prompt on eating disorders or EDs]

A portrait by this artist shows its main figure on horseback next to the French riding master Pierre Antoine Bourdon, Seigneur de St Antoine. A medallion showing this artist’s major patron is concealed by a shirt sleeve and hangs from a golden chain in this artist’s Self-Portrait with a Sunflower. After his teacher refused to buy it, this artist sold his depiction of Christ’s Crowning With Thorns to Philip IV of Spain. Each subject wears the blue ribbon of the Order of the Garter in a triple portrait by this artist that Bernini used as a reference for a bronze bust. A painting by this artist was termed the “great peece” and depicts a monkey climbing on Sir Jeffrey Hudson next to Henrietta Maria of France. For 10 points, name this Baroque artist from Antwerp whose portraiture was patronized by Charles I.
ANSWER: Anthony Van Dyck -0 Merrick Hill +10 Joel Miles

Both the Worcester Hunt and the Megalopsychia Hunt floor mosaics were found in this city’s suburb of Daphne. This city’s Church of Cassian displayed a jeweled tunic donated by Justinian I after one of two major sixth-century earthquakes in an anecdote recorded by a chronicler from this city, John Malalas. Julian the Apostate wrote the satire Misopogon after this city’s Christians made fun of his beard. Khosrow I sacked this city and founded a settlement called “Better-than-” this city to deport its population to. This city’s patriarch was part of the Pentarchy along with those of Rome, Alexandria, Jerusalem, and Constantinople. This city on the Orontes River was named for either the father or son of its founder, Seleucus I Nicator. For 10 points, name this city that was the capital of Roman Syria.
ANSWER: Antioch [or Antakya]

A tribute song to a poet from this country described how she was lulled by the “song that sings at the bottom of the sea.” A poet from this country described how she “jumped from myself to dawn” and “sang the sadness of being born” in her long poem “Diana’s Tree.” The lines “if he telephones again / tell him not to keep trying…” conclude the suicide poem of a poet from this country written after the relapse of her breast cancer. The short story “El Fin” speculates about the ending of an epic poem from this country that concludes with a singing duel with the title character. Earlier in that story from this country, the singer’s brother is killed in a knife fight by the deserter Martin Fierro. For 10 points, name this birth country of Alejandra Pizarnik, Alfonsina Storni, and Jorge Luis Borges.
ANSWER: Argentina [or Argentine Republic; or República Argentina]

The protagonist of this novel fears that his worsening eyesight might necessitate an assistant after viewing the moon from the specially constructed back entrance of his hut. A group of laborers in this novel are whipped amidst their growing resentment over working on a road for free after losing the arbitration of a conflict in this novel. A character in this novel betrays his father by locking up a royal python in a box to die of asphyxiation. A character in this novel refuses to call the New Yam Feast after being sent to prison for refusing to become the “white man’s chief.” The rotting yams and the death of Obika cause villagers in this novel to abandon the god Ulu and accept the “immunity” of the Christian god offered by John Goodcountry. For 10 points, name this Chinua Achebe novel titled for an Igbo proverb that depicts the downfall of the priest Ezeulu.
ANSWER: Arrow -0 Lucas Barnes +10 George Matsumura of God

In 1987, a benchmark model for these mechanisms was proposed by McAfee and McMillan. The optimal design for these mechanisms was proposed by Roger Myerson, which was based on the more specific direct revelation mechanism. A party involved in these mechanisms is incentivized to release all information per the linkage principle. The 2020 Nobel Prize for Economics was awarded to Milgrom and Wilson for their work on these mechanisms. A form of these mechanisms that follows the revenue-equivalence theorem was expanded by William Vickrey. Each player has a weakly dominating strategy in the “second-price” form of these events. “English” or “Dutch” versions of these events are distinguished by whether price is ascending or decreasing. For 10 points, name these events where goods are sold through bidding.
ANSWER: auctions [or Dutch auctions; or English auctions; or Vickrey auctions]

One of these sets is most efficiently computed for a set in the graded reverse lexicographic monomial ordering. One of these sets of an ideal I is defined as the set of g’s (“gees”) such that the leading terms of g and I generate the same ideal; those instances of these sets are computed using Buchberger’s algorithm. These sets name a theorem that states the polynomial ring of a Noetherian (“no-THEER-ee-in”) ring is Noetherian, as proven by Hilbert. The Legendre polynomials form a complete one of these sets for L2 (“L-two”) functions on the open unit interval. One of these sets is found by setting [read slowly] u-sub-one to k-sub-one, then iteratively setting u-sub-n to k-sub-n minus a sum of projections of k-sub-n onto u-sub-i. An orthonormal one of these sets is constructed using the Gram–Schmidt process. For 10 points, name these linearly independent sets that span a vector space.
ANSWER: basis [or bases; accept Groebner basis or bases; accept polynomial basis or bases; accept Hilbert’s basis theorem; accept orthonormal basis; prompt on generating set or generators]

A book claims that a form of this concept is the difference between a life where the “keynote” is resignation or hope; that book argues for experiences to be judged “by their fruits, not by their roots” to support the “over” form of this concept. The “right to” this concept is illustrated by a hiker coming across an icy ledge on a mountainous trail. A form of this concept that a philosopher deems amoral is illustrated by a shipowner selling trips on a boat he knows is dangerous. A principle that defines when this concept is wrong “always, everywhere, and for anyone” is found in a W. K. Clifford article titled for the “Ethics of” this concept. This is the second concept in the title of an 1896 lecture that argues for having religious faith despite a lack of evidence. For 10 points, a William James lecture is titled for the “Will to” what religious concept?
ANSWER: belief [accept overbelief; +10 Rohan Dalal accept religious faith until “Clifford” is read; accept the Will to Believe or the Ethics of Belief]

Building upon his work in The Precepts of Jesus, a reformer from this region founded a Hindu movement that combined Unitarian moral reasoning with the monotheistic worldview that he’d identified within the Upanishads. During the month of Magh, Muslims and Hindus in this region revere the forest spirit Bonbibi, who guards woodcutters and honey-collectors from danger. A collection of “Bhanusimha” poems chronicling the romance of Krishna and Radha was written by a poet from this region using the artificial language of Brajabuli. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, the founder of the reform movement Brahmo Samaj, was from this region, which experienced a 19th-century Renaissance in the decades following the Battle of Plassey. For 10 points, +10 Yaj Jhajhria what region’s music was used to compose various hymns authored by Rabindranath Tagore?
ANSWER: Bengal [or Bangla; accept West Bengal; accept Bangladesh; prompt on the Sundarbans by asking “what broader region is it located in?”]

Several drawings by Francesco Bertoli are the only evidence of a now-lost clasp made by this sculptor, which featured a diamond then considered the second-largest in the world. This artist’s numerous medallions include a depiction of Atlas holding up the world and a work showing Leda and the Swan. The only remaining part of this artist’s “Golden Gate” depicts a figure along with a stag, dogs, and other animals. Four gold figures representing the times of day can be seen in another work by this artist of the Nymph of Fontainebleau. Neptune and Tallus are shown reclining in a work by this sculptor intended for Francis I. For 10 points, name this Mannerist sculptor of a golden Salt Cellar.
ANSWER: Benvenuto +10 Sasha Fillbrandt Cellini

Humans were lured out of a cave in this mountain range by a wolf sent by the double-faced spirit Anog-Ite with the promise of dried meat. A Great Race in this range saw hummingbird, meadowlark, hawk, and magpie defeat Running Slim, thereby establishing humanity’s supremacy over the animals. A landmark in this range is named for a famous heyoka who experienced a vision of “thunder beings” as recalled in a 1932 book by John Neihardt. The spider Iktomi lured humanity out of this range’s “Wind Cave.” The forced annexation of this range’s land following an 1874 gold rush paved the way for nearby reservations to adopt the Ghost Dance movement. For 10 points, what mountain range sacred to the Lakota is the location of an unfinished Crazy Horse Memorial in South Dakota?
ANSWER: +10 Alan Fan Black Hills [accept Pahá Sápa; accept Black Hills National Forest] (Running Slim was a buffalo. The heyoka is Black Elk.)

Molecular complexes characterized by this process often use bridged phenylene (“phenyl-een”) or naphthalene groups. This process notably does not occur in compounds like dinitrodiphenic (“di-nitro-di-phenic”) acid or BINAP (“BY-nap”), giving them a form of axial chirality called atropisomerism (“AY-trope-eye-SOM-er-ism”). The prefixes “con” and “dis” describe a set of these processes for electrocyclic reactions whose stereochemistry is predicted by Woodward–Hoffman rules. This process alternatively names conformers that sample gauche, staggered, and eclipsed geometries. This process can be depicted using Newman projections. High energy barriers exist for cis-trans isomerization because this process does not occur about alkenyl carbons. For 10 points, name this process where a molecule changes torsion angles about certain connections +10 Simarya Ahuja -0 George Matsumura between two atoms.
ANSWER: bond rotation [accept rotation about a bond or word forms; prompt on rotation; prompt on torsion angle changes until read by asking “what physical process causes that?”; reject “molecular rotation”]

In the first movement of the fifth of these pieces, a solo marked senza stromenti lasts for about four minutes before the return of a ritornello that begins with pairs of sixteenth notes on “D, F-sharp, A, high D.” The third of these pieces begins with the fast violin pickup “G, F-sharp, downbeat G.” In most performances of the third of these pieces, its second movement is an improvised keyboard cadenza since the score only contains two chords. The last piece in this collection features two viola soloists, while its ripieno group lacks violins. This collection’s composer was hired by the Thomaskirche (“TOH-moss-keer-shuh”) after it failed to earn him a job with Margrave Christian Ludwig, and its fifth entry features flute, violin, and harpsichord soloists. For 10 points, name these six concertos by J. S. Bach.
ANSWER: Brandenburg Concertos +10 Yaj Jhajhria [or Brandenburg Concerti; or Six Concerts à plusieurs instruments; or BWV 1046–1051]

In a non-fiction follow-up to this novel titled [this novel] Revisited, the author compares the power of the Grand Inquisitor’s regime to that of a contemporary “scientific dictator.” In the foreword to a new edition of this novel, the author suggests “the problem of happiness” will be the future’s “Manhattan Projects.” The author explored themes inverse to this novel’s in a later novel that ends with the word “Attention” spoken by a mynah bird. That counterpart to this novel is set on Pala and is titled Island. This novel opens in a building bearing the motto “Community, Identity, Stability” where students learn about Bokanovsky’s Process. This novel ends with John the Savage hanging himself after participating in a soma-fuelled orgy. For 10 points, name this dystopian novel by Aldous Huxley.
ANSWER: Brave New World [accept Brave New World Revisited]

A common action done by this character draws on a Clark Gable gag in the hitchhiking scene of It Happened One Night. A line originated by this character titles a screwball comedy by Peter Bogdanovich in which Ryan O’Neal plays an aloof musicologist. This character is shown to be the sadistic author who has been changing settings at the end of a rhymingly titled short film whose protagonist begins as a musketeer. While disguised as Brünnhilde, this character teases a man dressed as Siegfried in a Wagner-inspired short by Michael Maltese and Chuck Jones for the Merrie Melodies. When a hunter points a gun at him, this character calmly says that it is “duck season.” For 10 points, “what’s up, Doc?” is a catchphrase of what Looney Tunes character who often dupes Elmer Fudd?
ANSWER: Bugs Bunny (Clark Gable chewed on a carrot in the hitchhiking scene, inspiring Bugs Bunny’s habit. In order, the films clued are What’s Up, Doc?, Duck Amuck, and What’s Opera, Doc?)

An attorney from this family served as “acting chaplain” aboard the USS Monadnock as Commodore John Rodgers’s secretary and was partly named James Smith. Though at one point controlled by the Rockefellers, the steelmaker Buckeye Steel Castings was run by an executive from this family. Abraham Ribicoff was defeated in a 1952 special election by a Republican politician from this family who was a two-term Connecticut Senator. Geronimo’s skull may have been stolen by Prescott, a politician from this family, whose son was accused of being “born with a silver foot in his mouth” by Ann Richards. A politician from this family failed to uphold his promise, “Read my lips: no new taxes.” For 10 points, a politician from what family defeated Michael Dukakis to become the 41st president?
ANSWER: Bush [accept James Smith Bush or Samuel P. Bush or Prescott Bush or George H. W. Bush]

Misleading causation in data about these phenomena in Latvia inspired a Simon Wren-Lewis thought experiment concerning half of the economy. These phenomena are the subject of the plucking model, which opposes the natural rate view of them. A theory about these phenomena popularized a tool that removes a component of a time series called an HP filter. Technology drives the longest of these phenomena called Kondratiev waves, according to a typology of them by Joseph Schumpeter. General equilibrium analysis was applied to these phenomena by Kydland and Prescott, who suggested they are not a result of nominal, supply-side shocks in their “real” theory of them. For 10 points, name these phenomena in macroeconomics that consist of periodic booms and recessions.
ANSWER: business cycles [or economic cycles or trade cycles; accept real business cycle theory; prompt on cycles; prompt on expansions or contractions or growth by asking “what more general phenomena are they a part of?”; prompt on recessions or booms until read by asking “what more general phenomena are they a part of?”]

A director from this country watches his mother’s TV show LedgeMan in a “docu-fantasia” that also includes a scene of horse heads sticking out of a frozen river. This country’s fictional law S-14 allows parents to hospitalize their children in a 2014 film unusually shot in a 1:1 aspect ratio, titled Mommy. In a film by a director from this country, Max Renn exclaims “Long live the new flesh” after being brainwashed by a videotape. Directors from this country include Guy Maddin, Xavier Dolan, and a body horror pioneer who made Dead Ringers and Videodrome. A director from this country depicted a school shooting in the film Polytechnique and adapted Ted Chiang’s “Story of Your Life” into the film Arrival. For 10 points, name this home country of David Cronenberg and Denis Villeneuve (“duh-NEE vil-NUHV”).
ANSWER: Canada (The film in the first sentence is My Winnipeg.)

In 2014, Bin Chen et al. claimed that the primary reservoir of this element on Earth is the inner core. The downward flux of this element is plotted against depth on the Martin curve. The ratio of this element to nitrogen determines whether soil nitrogen undergoes immobilization or remineralization. Abundance of this element is regulated by negative feedback in which silicate weathering causes burial of this element in the seafloor, which also occurs as a result of the biological pump. Two fractions of this element notated DOM and POM are distinguished by particle size. Mangrove forests and tidal marshes are of interest in “blue” methods for sequestering this element. For 10 points, name this element whose biogeochemical cycling may involve fixation of its inorganic dioxide into organic matter.
ANSWER: carbon [or C; accept carbon cycle]

The tomb of a sabao named Wirkak discovered in this city has relief carvings depicting both Hephthalites and the Chinvat Bridge. One ruler built twelve monumental bronze statues to decorate the Epang Palace in this city. Another ruler changed this city’s name from one meaning “eternal peace” to “constant peace” as part of an urban redesign in accordance with the Kaogongji. That ruler was dismembered at this city’s Weiyang Palace after it was stormed by Lulin rebels. After the death of Wang Mang, Luoyang replaced this city as capital. This city’s Nine Markets was the eastern terminus of the Silk Road. A monument built in this city contained both rivers of mercury and over 8,000 terracotta soldiers. For 10 points, name this city that was the capital of both the Qin and Western Han dynasties.
ANSWER: Chang’an +10 Simarya Ahuja [or Xi’an; accept Xianyang]

Historian Libby Hill found no historical evidence of an 1885 cholera epidemic in this city that apocryphally prompted a new canal to be built. Business magnate Charles Yerkes bought this city’s “Inter Ocean” newspaper to advocate for extended streetcar franchises in this city’s “Traction Wars.” A never-built civic center and new public parks formed part of a 1909 City Beautiful plan for this city published by its Commercial Club, commonly known as the Burnham Plan. Gustavus Swift’s development of the refrigerated railcar led to the rapid growth of an industry in this city whose wrongdoings were documented in Upton Sinclair’s book The Jungle. For 10 points, name this Great Lakes city, whose waterfront was home to the development of Millennium Park and Grant Park.
ANSWER: Chicago, Illinois

A disaster memorial in this country contains a pink bedroom visible through a peephole in memory of a teenage victim. Intersecting ramps and a large central courtyard appear in an urban complex in this country called the West Village, which was designed by a native of this country who won the 2025 Pritzker Prize. In response to the prismatic shape of a building in this country, a nearby building had cannon-shaped cranes added to counterbalance. Two conjoined towers form a loop in a broadcasting company headquarters in this country that is often called “big pants” and was designed by Rem Koolhaas. At age 91, an architect from this country designed the Museum of Islamic Art in Doha. For 10 points, name this home country of the architect of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Louvre Pyramid.
ANSWER: China [or People’s Republic of China; or PRC; or Zhōngguó; or Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó] (The Pritzker Prize-winning architect is Liu Jiakun. The third sentence refers to the Bank of China Tower and the HSBC Building.)

The CIA’s Operation Paper supplied an army of this ethnicity that expanded the Shan Hills opium trade in the 1950s. Pedro Bravo de Acuña initiated the first massacre of traders of this ethnicity when they rebelled at confinement in Parián districts. An inland minority of these people in Thailand is partly descended from Li Mi’s army and partly from Panthay refugees. The Peranakan are descendants of early immigrants of this ethnicity. Members of this ethnicity founded mining “republics” on Borneo such as the Lanfang Republic. After gains by the Gerakan Party sparked a riot against this ethnicity on May 13th, 1969, affirmative action policies were initiated for the bumiputera in Malaysia. For 10 points, the term huaqiao (“HWAH-chyow”) refers to overseas members of what nationality that uses an endonym referring to the Tang Dynasty?
ANSWER: Chinese people [accept Han Chinese; accept Hui Chinese; accept Tangren until “Tang” is read]

A collection of these objects excavated in Iran was named in a lawsuit by survivors of a bombing in Jerusalem demanding that the University of Chicago sell them. Otto Neugebauer and Abraham Sachs evaluated the mathematical significance of one of these objects called Plimpton 322. A man named Azi produced these objects for a site excavated by Paolo Matthiae at Ebla. Children were trained to create these objects at places called eduba. Austen Henry Layard and Hormuzd Rassam discovered two collections of these objects that were brought to the British Museum from Mosul. A fire during the destruction of Nineveh preserved a massive collection of these objects established by Ashurbanipal. For 10 points, what kind of objects recorded Sumerian texts like the Epic of Gilgamesh?
ANSWER: clay +10 Safiya Hasan +10 Beck Faletti tablets [accept dub until “Eduba” is read; accept ṭuppu or ṭuppum]

The Class 10000 ISO7 (“I-S-O-seven”) standard for these facilities requires an ACH (“A-C-H”) of an inverse minute. While at Sandia National Lab, Willis Whitfield pioneered usage of laminar flow in these facilities. Clair Cameron Patterson effectively turned his lab into one of these facilities while trying to date the Earth. In the “recirculating” class of these facilities, flow is drawn into the ceiling plenum before being passed through a HEPA (“HEP-uh”) system. NASA’s Goddard Spaceflight Center has the world’s largest one of these facilities where assembly of sensitive equipment occurs. Semiconductor fabs contain these tightly controlled facilities where integrated circuit manufacture occurs. For 10 points, people must take an “air shower” before entering what spaces with very low airborne particulate concentrations?
ANSWER: cleanrooms [prompt on labs or laboratories; prompt on semiconductor fabs or semiconductor fabrication plants or answers referring to places where semiconductors or integrated circuits or chips are made by asking “what specific facilities in them?”; prompt on rooms or buildings or any answers implying an indoor space]

Robert Boyd Tytler (“TIGHT-ler”) pioneered the cultivation of this crop in a colony by using rainwater to wash it for higher quality. In the 1950s, growers of this crop in one country began advertising it using the fictional character Juan Valdez and the donkey Conchita. A shortage of this good in the 1970s triggered a political crisis in East Germany. According to legend, this good was originally discovered by the goatherd Kaldi. This good exploded in popularity in the United States due to being issued to Civil War soldiers, who coped with shortages of it by roasting chicory. Establishments dedicated to the consumption of this substance first appeared in the Ottoman Empire, which sourced this good from the city of Mokha. For 10 points, name this good produced from Robusta and Arabica beans.
ANSWER: coffee [accept coffee beans]

A butterfly rests on one of these objects as a cloud covers the sun in an anecdote related by the young protagonist’s uncle to end a 1957 novel. In another novel, one of these objects “topples forward” and causes sparks to rain on a man in “engendering gusts” like a “thin nimbus of fire.” While borrowing tools to dispose of one of these man-made objects, a man returns with false teeth and a woman holding a graphophone. The creator of one of these objects lists “animal magnetism” among thirteen reasons why he made it “on the bevel” and wears a cement cast after breaking his leg. A fire and a river crossing nearly destroy one of these objects amid a trek by characters like Jewel, Cash, and Vardaman. For 10 points, what sort of man-made object is transported by the Bundren family in As I Lay Dying?
ANSWER: coffins (The first sentence is from James Agee’s novel A Death in the Family.)

A member of this family replaced Richard Chenevix Trench as the first editor of the Oxford English Dictionary after the latter was appointed Dean of Westminster. A poem asks a member of this family “What hast Thou to do with sorrow / Or the injuries of tomorrow?” and refers to that person as “a gem that glitters while it lives.” A poem addressed to a member of this family hopes for him to “wander like a breeze / By lakes and sandy shores” and declares that “all seasons shall be sweet” to that infant. That poem, which opens with a description of its title phenomenon’s “secret ministry,” is one of the “conversation poems” by a member of this family. For 10 points, give this surname of the author of the poems “Frost at Midnight” and “Kubla Khan.”
ANSWER: Coleridge +10 Yaj Jhajhria [accept Samuel Taylor Coleridge; accept Hartley Coleridge; accept Herbert Coleridge] (The second line refers to Wordsworth’s “To H. C.”)

A city in this modern day country was the home of Juan de Castellanos (“ka-stay-YAH-nohs”) when he wrote his epic Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias. Quemuenchatocha (“came-wen-cha-TOH-cha”) and Tisquesusa (“tees-keh-SOO-sa”) led sides in a civil war in this modern day country whose end was mediated by the iraca Sugamuxi (“soo-ga-MOOK-see”). Nikolaus Federmann and Sebastián de Belalcázar founded this country’s capital in 1539 with its original conqueror, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada (“hee-MEH-neth de kay-SAH-da”). This country’s city of Hunza, or Tunja, was home to its zaque (“ZAH-kay”) rulers. This country’s Banco de la República runs a “Gold Museum” in its capital, which includes works in tumbaga alloy by the Quimbaya (“keem-BAH-ya”) and a tunjo (“TOON-ho”) golden raft found in Pasca. In this country’s Lake Guatavita, the zipa would cover himself in gold in a ritual that likely inspired the El Dorado myth. For 10 points, name this country whose +10 Joel Miles -0 Kevin Wang +10 Akshay Seetharam capital is named for the Muisca capital of Bacatá (“ba-ka-TAH”).
ANSWER: Colombia [accept Republic of Colombia or República de Colombia]

Studies of this trait in response to an event in Lagerlunda led Frithiof Holmgren to develop his namesake wool. A book titled for this trait, which analyzes both lytico-bodig disease in Guam and the prevalence of this trait on the Pingelap Atoll, is by Oliver Sacks. By analyzing Homeric epithets, William Gladstone dubiously concluded --5 Isaac Studley that the Ancient Greeks had this trait. Mark Zuckerberg’s possession of a form of this trait partly inspired Facebook’s logo. This trait was historically called Daltonism in reference to John Dalton, who had a form of it called deuteranopia. This trait can be detected via an Ishihara test, in which a number is written in a circle of dots. For 10 points, what trait that can be caused by missing or deficient cone cells includes the congenital “red–green” form?
ANSWER: color blindness [or colorblindness; or color vision deficiency; or color deficiency; or CVD; accept achromatopsia; accept specific forms of color blindness like deuteranopia or monochromacy or red–green color blindness until read; prompt on color vision or eyesight] (Sacks’s book is The Island of the Colorblind.)

E. Franklin Frazier analyzed how a form of this concept led to cultural elitism with a focus on material acquisition in his book Black Bourgeoisie. A form of this concept among Black women is indicated by imposing self-definition, according to Patricia Hill Collins’s book Black Feminist Thought, which pairs this concept with “Knowledge” and “the Politics of Empowerment.” In one book, a form of this concept is introduced as “measuring one’s soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity.” The section “Of Our Spiritual Strivings” introduced a form of this concept as a “sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others.” For 10 points, a “two-ness” among Black people is described by W. E. B. Du Bois as the “double” form of what concept, the awareness of one’s existence?
ANSWER: consciousness [accept double consciousness; accept false consciousness; accept collective consciousness]

Descriptions of “a Turkish carpet,” “a wardrobe with a mirror,” and “three big wicker chairs” open a poem by this author that remarks “we separated for a week only / And then – that week became forever.” The speaker of one of this author’s poems desires that “mother of pearl and coral, amber and ebony” and “sensual perfumes” are bestowed upon the reader, who is “destined” to arrive in the title location. The appendix of Lawrence Durrell’s novel Justine contains an English translation of a poem by this author about a place that “will always follow you” and “leave you no new places to find.” In one poem by this author, the title activity is framed as an answer to questions about “senators sitting there without legislating” and being “assembled in the forum.” For 10 points, name this poet who described the title group as “a kind of solution” in “Waiting for the Barbarians.”
ANSWER: Constantine Cavafy

Osvaldo Jaeggli responded to a Postal and Pullum paper on a form of this phenomenon involving the word “to.” In contrast to Grade 1, this phenomenon is highly present in Grade 2 Braille, including Unified English Braille. A type of this phenomenon that exemplifies univerbation is represented by a coronis on a vowel and is called crasis. In French, this phenomenon occurs when a monosyllabic word ending with e caduc (“uh ka-DUKE”), or a schwa, is followed by a vowel sound. This phenomenon in Italian occurs when the words ci (“chee”) and è (“eh”) become c’è (“cheh”). In English, this phenomenon occurs when a vowel is elided and replaced +10 Joel Miles +10 Braden Booth with an apostrophe. For 10 points, name this linguistic phenomenon in which a word or word group is shortened by omitting sounds, such as “’twas” or “don’t.”
ANSWER: contraction [accept elision or deletion or merging or blending; prompt on shortening words; prompt on portmanteau; prompt on coalescing or merging]

Richard Epstein argued that these things’ constitutional protections were weakened by the Blaisdell case’s upholding of a Minnesota housing law. The “freedom” of these things was at the center of a 1905 case with a majority opinion by Rufus Peckham. A ruling whose only dissent doubted the liberty of these things, Coppage v. Kansas, was overturned after banning a type of these things in 1932. The Three Musketeers adhered to an anti-economic regulation agenda after a ruling regarding a baker’s right to these things in the Lochner case. An outlawed one of these things that was used to prevent unionization was called its “yellow dog” type. For 10 points, Article I, Section 10, Clause 1 outlines what enforceable binding agreements between parties?
ANSWER: contracts +10 Joel Miles [accept freedom of contract]

The Fahrni group pioneered cellular detection of this element using tetrathiazacrown (“tetra-THY-uh-za-crown”) ether probes. This metal is needed for beta-monooxygenases to convert dopamine into norepinephrine. This metal can be delivered to its ATP7A transporter while bound to ceruloplasmin. This metal’s iodide is notably not required when using cyclooctynes (“cyclo-OCK-tynes”) developed by the Bertozzi group in a variant of click chemistry “free” of it. Zinc and this metal are coordinated in the most common family of eukaryotic superoxide dismutases. ParaGard is among a class of IUDs coated in this metal. Epoxide ring openings in alkaloid syntheses often use lithium and this metal in the form of Gilman reagents. Oxygen is bound to this metal in hemocyanin giving spider blood a blue hue. For 10 points, name this element whose symbol is Cu.
ANSWER: copper [or Cu until read; accept copper-free click chemistry]

Starting with the month of Tute, this language’s synaxarium assigns one of its many martyr hagiographies to its daily liturgy, where it is read following a reading from Acts. Seven “prayers of the hour” are collected within the Agpeya for use within this language’s liturgy. Shenoute the Great wrote in this language as an abbot at the White Monastery. The Lycopolitan and Sahidic dialects of this language were used to write the Gnostic Nag Hammadi codices. The Gospel of Judas was written in this language. Unlike a related language’s fourteen anaphoras, this language’s liturgies are limited to ones named for Saints Cyril, Gregory, and Basil, which supplanted the Liturgy of St. Mark. For 10 points, Ge’ez shares a parent rite with what Demotic-derived language that names an Egyptian-based Orthodox Church?
ANSWER: +10 Tommy Donelon Coptic [accept Bohairic Coptic; accept Coptic Rite; accept Coptic Orthodox Church; prompt on Egyptian until read; reject “Demotic Egyptian” or “Ancient Egyptian”] (Ge’ez and Coptic are both part of the Alexandrian Rite.)

Proofs for this process from finitude, composition, accidents, and time are outlined by Saadia Gaon (“ga-OWN”) at the beginning of his Amânât. To explain this process occurring continuously and gradually, Avicenna rendered a Greek term as fayḍ. According to tradition, Ahmad ibn Hanbal still denied Mu’tazil theories of this process occurring to the Qur’an while he was being tortured during the Mihna. To explain how this process occurs involuntarily through the First Cause, al-Farabi borrowed the Greek concept of emanation. Theologians of Islam and Christianity both debated whether this process occurred ex nihilo through the unmoved mover, contradicting the Greek dictum “nothing comes from nothing.” For 10 points, medieval theologians sought to reconcile Aristotle with the account of what process at the start of the Book of Genesis?
ANSWER: creation [accept creation of the world or the creation of the Quran; accept creatio; accept khalq or ibdā‘; accept genesis of the world until read]

In this region, consul Louis Ge (“loo-ee gay”) oversaw the return of a looted fog bell in 1913. French and Icelandic sources record that Siward of Gloucester founded a settlement of Anglo-Saxon refugees in this region called New England. This region was home to speakers of Gothic languages living in the Principality of Theodoro. A state named for this region targeted neighboring “wild fields” for slave raids and was granted independence from the Ottoman Empire in the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji. The Black Death began spreading to Europe from this region’s Genoese colony of Caffa. The Battle of Alma was part of an 11-month siege targeting a naval base in this region located at Sevastopol. For +10 Akshay Seetharam 10 points, name this Black Sea peninsula where Britain, France, and Russia fought a 19th-century war.
ANSWER: Crimean Peninsula [or Crimea; or Krym; or Qırım; accept Crimean Khanate; accept Crimean War]

A composer from this modern-day country created an English libretto for a piece he insisted was an “Epic,” not an oratorio, based on The Epic of Gilgamesh. Charles Ives and a composer from this modern-day country both wrote songs based on a nostalgic poem from this country, “Songs My Mother Taught Me.” Paul Wingfield’s edition of a mass from this country adds its Intrada to the beginning, creating a nine-movement form centered on the “Věruju” (“VAIR-oo-yoo”). A Postludium for solo organ is contained in that patriotic mass by a composer from this country who wrote the opera Jenůfa (“yeh-NOO-fah”). The Glagolitic Mass is from this country, as was the composer of an English horn solo that was adapted into the faux-spiritual “Goin’ Home.” For 10 points, name this home country of Leoš Janáček (“LAY-ohsh YAH-nah-check”) and Antonín Dvořák (“d’VORE-zhahk”).
ANSWER: Czechia [or Czech Republic] (The first composer is Bohuslav Martinů.)

A tonebase Piano video hypothesized that a B minor piece by this composer was “cursed” after Magdalene Ho was eliminated in the prelims of the 2025 Cliburn. A sonata by this composer begins allegretto ben moderato in 9/8 time with the piano playing an E dominant ninth chord. This composer’s Six Pieces for Organ include Prélude, fugue, et variation and Grand pièce symphonique. This composer was called “père” by students such as Vincent d’Indy, who described the tendency of his multi-movement works to be connected by an underlying theme as “cyclic form.” This organist +10 Joel Miles at the church of Sainte-Clotilde and composer of a Symphony in D minor told a countryman to premiere his A major violin sonata “con amore” at his wedding. For 10 points, Eugène Ysaÿe (“oo-ZHEN ee-ZYE”) premiered the violin sonata of what Belgian composer?
ANSWER: César Franck [or César Auguste Jean Guillaume Hubert Franck] (The first clue refers to Prélude, choral et fugue.)

Light-induced excited spin-state trapping is used to change energies between sets of these entities via spin crossover. Exchange energy is plotted against interatomic distance normalized to the size of one of these entities in Bethe–Slater curves. Unlike MLCT and LCMT bands, transitions between these entities are weak because they are Laporte forbidden. These entities expand in the nephelauxetic (“NEFF-uh-lox-ET-ic”) effect upon a decrease in the Racah B parameter. The Jahn–Teller effect describes degeneracy breaking among the e-sub-g and t-sub-2g sets of these entities obtained from crystal field theory. A torus around two lobes characterizes the z-squared type of these entities. For 10 points, name these entities, partially filled in transition metals, +10 Simarya Ahuja whose energies lie between their p and f counterparts.
ANSWER: d-orbitals +10 Eli Peterson [accept dxy; or dxz; or dyz; or dz2; or dx2-y2 orbitals; accept diffuse orbitals; prompt on atomic orbitals or AOs; prompt on ligand fields or crystal fields until read; reject “molecular orbitals” or “MOs”]

The spoils of Samaria and this city’s wealth are prophesied to be carried away before Maher-shalal-hash-baz utters “my father” or “my mother” for the first time. An oracle concerning this city’s future as a “heap of ruins” in Isaiah 17 may have been fulfilled by King Ahaz after he bribed Tiglath-Pileser III with silver and gold stolen from the Temple. A vision experienced by Ananias tells him to visit this city’s Straight Street and lay his hands on a praying man. A former tentmaker escapes this former capital of Aram in a basket that is lowered from a wall to avoid arrest. A vision asking “why do you persecute me” is experienced by that man before he is struck blind and sent to this city. For 10 points, Saul became Paul after he saw a vision of Christ while on the road to what city, the capital of Syria?
ANSWER: Damascus [accept Aram-Damascus; prompt on al-Sham]

This thinker redefined Miriam Weizenbaum’s idea of “deepity” as a statement that seems profound, but is actually trivial and meaningless. This thinker criticizes the concept of “Non-overlapping magisteria” and argues that religion should not be off limits from scientific inquiry in the book Breaking the Spell. This thinker coined the term “intentional stance” for a high degree of abstraction in mental content. This thinker uses crane design as an allegory in a book about the consequences of evolutionary theory. A book by this thinker introduced the “multiple drafts” model, which denies the existence of qualia and opposes the “Cartesian theater” model of the mind. For 10 points, name this atheist philosopher who wrote Darwin’s Dangerous Idea and Consciousness Explained.
ANSWER: Daniel Dennett

An author was inspired by the sight of hair that grew after one of these events to write a novel about Sierva Maria being trapped in a convent. In a novella, a young boy accompanies his grandfather and mother to a doctor’s isolated corner house after one of these events. In the opening of a novel, one of these events is suggested by birds pecking holes through the screen of a library. In that novel, the General uses Patricia Aragonés to fool his enemies into believing that one of these events occurred. Before experiencing one of these events after chasing a parrot, a character is alerted to one by the scent of bitter almonds. --5 Joel Miles Pablo and Pedro Vicario plan one of these events after their sister Angela Vicario is pressured into making a false accusation. For 10 points, Santiago Nasar is foretold of what title event in a novel by Gabriel García Márquez?
ANSWER: death [accept murder or suicide or other reasonable equivalents; accept Chronicle of a Death Foretold]

This unit is the most common unit used to express the front-to-back ratio of an antenna. A meteorological quantity called this unit relative to Z is a normalized expression for the equivalent reflectivity of a hydrometeor. The steepness of a filter’s transfer function is written as the change in this unit per decade or octave, which is a quantity called the roll-off. The frequency at which gain drops off by approximately 3 of this unit determines the cutoff frequency. In its most common application, a reference pressure equal to 20 micropascals defines a value of 0 for this unit. This unit is defined so that multiplying intensity by a factor of 10 corresponds to an increase by 10 of this unit. For 10 points, name this unit that defines a logarithmic scale of sound intensity.
ANSWER: decibels [or dB; accept dBZ; accept decibels relative to Z; prompt on answers of dimensionless by asking “what unit are we using here to express these dimensionless quantities?”; prompt on bels or B]

Optimal pressures for this process can be determined using Brewster angle microscopy. Fine-tuning for one type of this process can be done using RHEED (“reed”) systems centered on an electron gun. Instabilities during this process can arise from misfit strain in the Stranski–Krastanov model of “island” coalescence. Liquified petroleum gas and copper foils are used to produce graphene in one form of this process. Material formed by this process can be removed by reactive ion etching. This process is done epitaxially with gallium and arsenic molecular beams in MOSFET (“moss-fet”) production. The chemical and physical vapor types of this process are used to generate thin films for semiconductor wafers. For 10 points, name this process of transferring gas particles onto a solid surface, the opposite of sublimation.
ANSWER: deposition [or word forms; accept thin film deposition or monolayer deposition or nanoparticle deposition; accept chemical vapor deposition or CVD; accept physical vapor deposition or PVD; accept molecular beam epitaxy or MBE until read; accept adsorption; accept thin film coating; accept epitaxial growth; prompt on thin film formation or monolayer formation; prompt on layering; prompt on nucleation; prompt on photolithography; prompt on semiconductor fabrication]

In a play partly titled for this concept, a fiddler causes laughter at a party by mocking the host and his son during a square dance. This concept partly titles a play in which a young man starts an affair in his mother’s parlor, which has been closed since her death. In that play titled for this concept, Abbie’s murder of her and Eben’s baby mirrors the Phaedra myth. In a play partly titled for this concept, a woman exclaims “I don’t want realism. I want magic!” when a man pulls the paper lantern off a light bulb to see her face. A Eugene O’Neill play is titled for this concept “under the Elms.” In a play, an object named for this concept carries a disgraced ex-teacher through New Orleans to her sister Stella’s home. For 10 points, what concept partly titles a play about Blanche Dubois by Tennessee Williams?
ANSWER: desire [accept Desire Under the Elms or A Streetcar Named Desire]

A concept central to this book is described as a “positive economy” that extracts even more “available moments” for even more “useful forces.” This book argues that the organization of “serial space” was a “mutation” that allowed rank to supersede traditional systems. In this book, a description of soldiers marching in step is used as an example of “docile bodies.” A meticulous timetable created by Léon Faucher (“fo-SHAY”) is contrasted with violence as public spectacle in this book’s first chapter, “The body of the condemned.” The “carceral” system extends across all of society according to this book, which asks “Is it surprising that prisons resemble factories, schools… which all resemble prisons?” For 10 points, name this book by Michel Foucault that compares the observation of modern society to Jeremy Bentham’s Panopticon.
ANSWER: +10 Kevin Wang Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison [or Surveiller et punir: Naissance de la prison]

For an algebraic number field K, a quantity of this name determines which primes ramify K and equals the determinant of a trace pairing matrix. For a polynomial, this noun denotes the product of all squared differences between pairs of roots. This noun appears in the name of a supervised learning method that finds weighted sums of features that maximize the ratio of between and within-class variances; that linear method was developed by Fisher. A complicated quantity of this name that includes the term “27 a-squared d-squared” appears in the innermost square root in Cardano’s formula. The sign of a quantity of this name determines the number of roots of a quadratic polynomial. For 10 points, what noun denotes the quantity “b-squared minus 4 a c” in the +10 Annika Larson quadratic formula?
ANSWER: discriminant [accept linear discriminant analysis]

Resistance to a class of antibiotics targeting these enzymes often disrupts a water–metal ion bridge that chelates the drug’s keto acid. One of these enzymes from the vaccinia virus modifies a 3-prime thymidine in a namesake cloning method. An inhibitor of these enzymes was isolated from the barks of Camptotheca trees, derivatives of which include irinotecan and a related drug partially named after them. These enzymes create a “gate” for the T-segment to cross in the “strand passage” mechanism. Ciprofloxacin (“sip-ro-flox-uh-sin”) and other fluoroquinolones (“fluoro-quino-lones”) target these enzymes, which can resolve catenanes. Bacteria use a type of these enzymes called gyrase that generates negative supercoils and changes the linking number by two. For 10 points, name these enzymes that relieve torsional stress in -0 Isaac Studley -0 Yaj Jhajhria DNA.
ANSWER: DNA topoisomerases [accept Type I topoisomerases; accept Type II topoisomerases; accept topoisomerase-based cloning; accept TOPO cloning; accept DNA gyrase until read]

Tonio Andrade’s work on a colony of this empire analyzes its “co-colonization” policy of attracting Chinese settlers and annual rituals first held after it defeated Mattau. In a choice later called “exchanging ginger for chili,” Rajasinha II helped this empire win the Battle of Gannoruwa and capture the port of Galle (“GAH-luh”). A sugar mill riot led to a 1740 massacre perpetrated by this empire, with an ensuing rebellion led by Singseh and Khe Padjang. At Fort Victoria, agents of this empire killed Japanese ronin and English sailors in the Amboyna Massacre. Although this empire failed to annex Kandy after displacing the Portuguese, it did take control of coastal Sri Lanka. Koxinga’s capture of this empire’s Fort Zeelandia ended its control of Taiwan. For 10 points, what empire’s Asian colonies were governed from Batavia, which is today Jakarta?
ANSWER: Dutch Empire [accept the Dutch Republic; accept the United Seven Provinces of the Netherlands or United Provinces; accept Dutch East India Company or United East India Company; accept Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden; accept Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC; prompt on East India Company or EIC]

An Old English charm from the Lacnunga used against this type of being utilizes communion wafers inscribed with the names of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus to cure the afflicted of illness. In Germanic folklore, kings of these beings may wear tarnkappe, or cloaks of invisibility, in fights, as seen during the conflict between King Laurin and Dietrich von Bern. Thor outwits one of these beings seeking his daughter’s hand by waiting for him to turn to stone come sunrise. The Völuspá contains six stanzas listing the names of several of these beings in their “catalogue.” Ymir’s maggots became these beings, whose conflation with the dark elves have led some to suggest that Svartalfheim and Nidavellir are the same realm. For 10 points, name these beings, seven of which tend to Snow White.
ANSWER: dwarves [or dwarf; accept against a dwarf; prompt on dark elves or black elves until read]

A character in this novel asks his brother to cover up his suicide by telling their mother that he died from being kicked by a horse. A one-legged veteran in this novel spurs his wife to drown herself when he gives her gonorrhea and amasses a fortune by lying about his role in the Civil War. As a girl, a character in this novel possibly causes her teacher’s suicide and fakes her death in a fire that kills her parents. In this novel, the Chinese immigrant Lee contrasts various +10 Joel Miles +10 Wyatt Curry translations of the Hebrew word for “thou mayest,” timshel. After her neighbor Samuel Hamilton helps with the birth of her twins, the heartless Cathy Ames shoots her husband Adam in this novel at their farm in Salinas Valley. For 10 points, Cal and Aron Trask stand in for Cain and Abel in what novel by John Steinbeck?
ANSWER: East of Eden

Maximum overlaps of these entities are described in the limitation similarity theory. Seven models for the apportionment of these entities such as dominance decay and MacArthur fractions were ranked by Mutsunori Tokeshi to explain relative abundance distributions. G. Evelyn Hutchinson represented these entities as n-dimensional hypervolumes. Joseph H. Connell proposed “ghosts of competitions past and present” to explain these entities’ “differentiation.” That scientist also studied barnacle habitat ranges in describing the “fundamental” and “realized” types of these entities. The competitive exclusion rule that states two species sharing identical ones of these entities cannot coexist. For 10 +10 Akshay Seetharam points, name these entities that describe how an organism matches its environmental factors.
ANSWER: ecological niches [accept fundamental niches or realized niches; accept niche differentiation or niche apportionment or niche construction; prompt on n-dimensional hypervolumes until read; prompt on abundance distributions until read]

Using twin studies, Ashenfelter and Krueger found that estimates of this practice’s effects can be biased by measurement error. A “transformative” form of this practice results from a “disorienting dilemma” according to Jack Mezirow. Jerome Bruner integrated another model to create a “spiral” version of this practice by including an “exploration” element. Psychological elements like abstraction were identified within four “planes” in a method of this practice applied at the Casa dei Bambini. Benjamin Bloom created six goals for this practice, his namesake “taxonomy.” Raj Chetty et al. found that Project STAR, a Tennessee experiment about heterogeneity in this practice at early ages, has significant effects on future income. For 10 points, name this practice, which psychologists study using the Montessori method.
ANSWER: education [accept pedagogy; accept schooling; accept teaching or learning]

Frank Beck compared this concerto’s first movement to Hamlet, if it began with the “to be or not to be” soliloquy. Performers of this concerto’s second movement often use spiccato to play the repeated gesture, “five B’s, four D’s, four B’s, three A’s, B.” Albert Coates overran his rehearsal time at the expense of this concerto, leading to its disastrous premiere with Felix Salmond. A viola melody in 9/8 time follows this concerto’s opening recitative, marked nobilmente, which begins with a triple-stopped E minor chord. This late-Romantic concerto written in the aftermath of World War I was rarely performed until a 1965 recording launched the career of Jacqueline du Pré. For 10 points, name this E minor concerto for a low string instrument by the composer of Pomp and Circumstance.
ANSWER: Edward Elgar’s Cello Concerto in +10 Yaj Jhajhria E minor

On a Walden plot, the logarithms of this quantity and inverse viscosity vary linearly for an ideal potassium chloride solution. This quantity is increased by tetrathiafulvene (“tetra-thia-fulvene”) complexing with a para-quinone derivative containing four cyano groups. Lars Onsager devised a “limiting” form of this quantity that is calculated using concentration and Kohlrausch coefficients. This quantity is measured to obtain estimates for total dissolved solids in water tests. Iodine-doped polyacetylene (“poly-acetyl-een”) has high values for this quantity due to its conjugated pi systems. The molar ionic form of this quantity is the product of drift velocity, Faraday’s constant, and charge and whose SI units are siemens per meters. For 10 points, name this quantity, the ability for an electrolyte solution to pass electricity.
ANSWER: electrical conductivity [or EC; accept molar conductivity or molar ionic conductivity or limiting molar conductivity; accept lambda or lambda-sub-M; accept electrical conductance or molar conductance] (The second line refers to TTF-TCNQ charge transfer complexes.)

A quantity describing these entities scales with one over width for zigzag nanostructures and one over width squared for armchair nanostructures. The K-points of the Brillouin (“bree-WANN”) zones of TMDCs host the edges of these entities. These entities exhibit linearly dispersing Dirac spectra when their interfaces form non-smooth Dirac arcs, circles, nodes, or cones. In the tight-binding formalism, these structures are computed using a generalization of LCAO. These theoretical entities arise in the continuum limit of infinitely many adjacent atomic orbitals. The position of the Fermi level relative to these entities distinguishes conductors from insulators; for insulators, the energy gap between these entities is large. For 10 points, name these allowed energy levels of semiconductors that include their “conduction” and “valence” types.
ANSWER: -0 Aaron Marchand electronic bands [or energy bands or electronic band structure; accept band gap; accept valence band or conduction band; prompt on energy levels until read]

This person commonly nicknames a sequined dress with over 28,000 pearls that Princess Diana wore to the 1989 British Fashion Awards. In a photograph, several copies of this person wear a gold lamé suit below text claiming that 50 million people “can’t be wrong.” This person, who debuted the first pair of Levi’s black jeans, often wore a gold and diamond ring with the letters “TCB.” Bill Belew’s outfits for this person include a black leather suit for a 1968 event on NBC and the “American Eagle” rhinestoned jumpsuit. A film still of this person aims a gun at the viewer in a triple portrait by Andy Warhol. This person helped popularize Hawaiian shirts with his role in the 1961 film Blue Hawaii. For 10 points, what rock star with a Pompadour hairstyle sang about his “Blue Suede Shoes”?
ANSWER: Elvis Presley [or Elvis Presley] (The second sentence refers to the compilation album 50,000,000 Elvis Fans Can’t Be Wrong. The 1968 event was Elvis’s comeback special.)

When challenged to tame a “Lion Stallion,” this person asked for a whip, hammer, and dagger to hit and kill it until it obeyed. Many believe that this person wrote the introduction of the Great Cloud Sutra and was a reincarnation of the Devi of Pure Radiance that the sutra prophesied. The Vairocana (“vye-ROH-chuh-nuh”) Buddha at the Longmen Caves may represent this person as one of Vairocana’s reincarnations. The Zhang brothers, both lovers and advisors of this ruler, were killed in the coup that deposed this ruler. This person recast the legendary Nine Tripod Cauldrons and moved the capital to Luoyang while creating a symbolic second Zhou Dynasty. This ruler rose from being Gaozong’s regent and a member of Li Shimin’s harem to replacing the Tang dynasty. For 10 points, name this only female emperor of China.
ANSWER: Empress Wu [or Wu Zetian; or Wu Zhao; or Wu Mei]

A class of methods in solid mechanics named for this quantity include Castiligano’s method, in which partial derivatives of this quantity give partial displacements. Alan Griffith took the derivative of this quantity with respect to crack length to derive his theory of fracture mechanics, in which the square of stress intensity factor is proportional to the areal release rate of this quantity. The maximum volumetric density of this quantity that can be reached before a material ruptures defines its toughness. The volumetric density of this quantity associated with elastic strain is one-half Young’s modulus times strain squared. For a Hookean spring, this quantity is equal to one-half spring constant times displacement squared. For 10 points, work is a transfer of what quantity measured in joules?
ANSWER: energy +10 Drew Wetterlind +10 Tommy Donelon [accept energy methods; accept fracture energy or fracture energy release rate; accept potential energy; accept strain energy; accept elastic energy or elastic potential energy]

An 11th-century text by Atiśa titled for a “lamp” and this concept divides people into “lesser,” “middling,” and “superior” classifications based on the degree to which they reject mundane pleasures. In Zen, a herdsman’s search for, and retrieval of, an ox over the course of ten pictures allegorizes the search for this concept. The Samye monastery hosted a two-year-long debate questioning if this concept came about spontaneously or if it required activity. Theravada Buddhists believe in four stages to achieving this concept, which begins with the “stream-enterer” and ends with the “arahant.” Right samadhi, right conduct, and right resolve are among the noble eightfold paths needed to achieve this state. +10 Yaj Jhajhria For 10 points, what practice of escaping the suffering cycle of rebirth was achieved under the bodhi tree by the Buddha?
ANSWER: enlightenment [or awakening; accept descriptions of a liberation from samsara and its cycle of rebirth; accept nirvana; accept moksha; accept bodhi until read; accept vimmuti; accept A Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment or Bodhipathapradīpa until “bodhi” is read]

This quantity characteristically scales logarithmically with evolution time in systems displaying many-body localization. This quantity evolves over time to form an inverted V shape on the Page curve. For a tripartite quantum system, this quantity obeys strong subadditivity. For pure states, the distillable and squashed entanglements reduce to this quantity. For a system with density matrix rho, this quantity equals the negative trace of rho times log rho. By the Bekenstein–Hawking formula, the area of a black hole is proportional to its value of this quantity. In classical information theory, this quantity expresses the absence of information about a system and is measured in shannons. For 10 points, name this quantity that increases in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics.
ANSWER: entropy [accept entanglement entropy or entropy of entanglement; accept von Neumann entropy or quantum entropy; accept information entropy; prompt on information until read by asking “what quantity that describes the amount of information?”]

Bruno Bettelheim wrote about males defined by this concept in discussing female puberty rites in his book Symbolic Wounds. This is the first title concept in a book that defines it as leading children to fantasize about the “good breast,” such that the “good object” is part of the ego. In a book title, Melanie Klein contrasted this concept with gratitude. Two types of this concept are experienced differently because “men need to disparage women more than women need to disparage men,” according to the author of New Ways in Psychoanalysis. In “The Flight from Womanhood,” Karen Horney (“HORN-eye”) devised a type of this concept in which men desire the ability to bear children, its “womb” type. For 10 points, Sigmund Freud outlined a “penis” type of what concept of feeling resentful toward others’ qualities?
ANSWER: envy [accept womb envy or penis envy or Envy and Gratitude]

A character with this condition receives a beating from a servant after being caught hanging cats and burying them with “great ceremony.” When asked to describe an execution, a character with this condition compares the face of a condemned man to a picture he saw in Basel. A character avoids getting stabbed in a hotel after this condition causes him to fall down a flight of stairs. The son of “Stinking” Lizaveta confesses to using this condition as an alibi for murder to a character who is visited by the devil during a dream. In another novel, a character with this condition returns to a Swiss sanatorium after learning that Nastasya Filippovna was murdered by Rogozhin. Smerdyakov suffers from, for 10 points, what condition that afflicts Prince Myshkin in The Idiot also afflicted Fyodor Dostoevsky?
ANSWER: epilepsy +10 Joel Miles +10 Carson Kessler [accept ecstatic seizures; prompt on seizures]

Because it implies a type of curve is not “well-behaved,” a result named for Sonnenschein and Mantel suggests that this concept may not be predictably unique. An “approximate” form of this concept can be bound to “convexified” economies in an application of the Shapley–Folkman lemma. Prices are adjusted in a process that explains this concept called tâtonnement (“tah-tun-MAWN”). Using Kakutani’s fixed point theorem, Walrasian theorist Lionel W. McKenzie provided proof for a “general” form of this concept extended by Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu. When this concept is not achieved, economic efficiency decreases, forming a deadweight loss. For 10 points, supply and demand curves meet at a point named after what concept to achieve balance?
ANSWER: +10 Annika Larson equilibrium [or general equilibrium; accept equilibrium points or Nash equilibrium]

A treatise with this name compares intention to the truth value of whether Socrates is seated and claims a chained monk forced to have sex is not sinning for drawing pleasure. That Abelard treatise with this title, which further separates mental vice from holding God in contempt with sin, is also called “Know Yourself.” A book with this name expanded on the writer’s unpublished “A Short Treatise on God…” by contrasting “natura naturans” with “natura naturata.” A treatise with this name describes a striving to exist that drives the human passions called conatus. +10 Yaj Jhajhria “Everything which exists, exists either in itself or in something else” is the first axiom of a book of this title inspired by the work of Euclid. For 10 points, Spinoza explains his pantheistic system in a treatise with what name, referencing a branch of philosophy?
ANSWER: Ethics [or Ethica; accept Spinoza’s Ethics; accept Ethics, Demonstrated in Geometrical Order; accept “Know Yourself” until read; accept “Scito te ipsum” until “Know Yourself” is read]

A thinker claimed a form of this concept was unknown to Western tradition after a letter from Karl Jaspers cryptically noted “Hasn’t Yahweh faded too far out of sight?” An essay in The Jew as Pariah compares this concept to fungus on the world’s surface because it lacks depth. The final pages of a book note that only Kant had even conceived of a form of this concept that emerged alongside political systems which make men superfluous. A book purporting to be a “Report” on an aspect of this concept describes a “clown” defendant speaking clichés because he lacks the ability to think. +10 Joel Miles The Origins of Totalitarianism hypothesizes about the “radical” form of this concept, which the author reformulated after observing the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem. For 10 points, Hannah Arendt described the “banality” of what moral concept?
ANSWER: evil [accept radical evil; accept banality of evil or banal evil; prompt on banality until read]

A fortress-like mosque often named for a member of this dynasty, the Lulua Mosque, was restored by the Dawoodi Bohras. The Armenian general Badr al-Jamali was summoned to support this dynasty’s ruler al-Mustansir during the last regional famine cataloged by [emphasize] later historian al-Maqrizi. Caliph al-Qadir wrote the Baghdad Manifesto against this dynasty. Under al-Mu’izz, this dynasty moved its capital from Mahdia in its homeland of Ifriqiya. A ruler of this polity who mysteriously disappeared into the night, Al-Hakim, received the epithet “the Mad Caliph” for his religious intolerance. This dynasty founded al-Azhar University and replaced Fustat as the capital of Islamic Egypt. For 10 points, what Shia caliphate preceded Saladin’s Ayyubids in Egypt and was named for a daughter of Muhammad?
ANSWER: Fatimid Caliphate [or Fatimid Empire; accept al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya]

A chamber piece that this composer intended to be played “in the style of a symphony” with sharp dynamic contrasts begins with driving tremolos and syncopations under the ascending violin melody “pickup low G, B-flat, E-flat, G, high E-flat, down to long B-flat.” This composer’s Sinfoniesatz is often grouped with his twelve early string symphonies. This composer’s second string quartet pays homage to Beethoven by quoting his own song “Ist es wahr?” The “Walpurgis Night’s Dream” from Faust may have inspired the scherzo of an E-flat major chamber piece this composer wrote at 16. This composer revived interest in J. S. Bach by conducting the St. Matthew Passion. For 10 points, name this composer of a celebrated string octet and an overture to A Midsummer Night’s Dream.
ANSWER: Felix Mendelssohn [or Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy; or Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy]

The Tenentists sought reform of this regime and allied with the Prestes Column in several revolts. This regime was founded under a “Republic of the Sword” that was overthrown after an economic crisis whose name translates to “mount the saddle,” the Encilhamento (“en-seel-ya-MEN-toh”). The stoppage of a lumber delivery sparked a war that ended with this regime’s forces massacring 25,000 followers of Anthony the Counselor. This regime’s navy mutinied under the Revolt of the Lash after it began a regional naval arms race by commissioning dreadnoughts from the UK. Under coronelism (“co-ro-nel-ism”), this regime was led from two power bases summarized in the phrase “coffee with milk.” For 10 points, Getúlio Vargas ended what republic established after the overthrow of Pedro II?
ANSWER: -0 Alice Ton Nu +10 Sasha Fillbrandt First Brazilian Republic [or word forms denoting a first republic of Brazil; accept Primeira República Brasileira; accept the Old Republic or República Velha; accept República Oligárquica or República das Oligarquias; accept Republic of the United States of Brazil or República do Estados Unidos do Brasil; prompt on “coffee with milk” or “café com leite” until read; prompt on partial answers]

By the KSS bound, the ratio of eta to entropy density of these substances is lower bounded by one over 4pi. The stress-energy tensor of an ideal one of these substances is rho plus p times a product of 4-velocities plus p times the metric tensor. In the rest frame, a “perfect” one of these substances is parametrized by its isotropic pressure and energy density, and therefore has a diagonal stress-energy tensor. By definition, these substances have zero shear modulus, meaning they cannot undergo shear stress without deformation. Many Bose–Einstein condensates act like an idealized “super” one of these substances +10 Akshay Seetharam that move without dissipating energy. The Navier–Stokes equations are central equations in the “mechanics” of, for 10 points, what substances that can flow, including liquids and gases?
ANSWER: fluids [accept ideal fluids; accept perfect fluids; accept superfluids; accept fluid mechanics; accept Newtonian fluids; prompt on liquids, gases, quark–gluon plasmas, or QGPs by asking “that is a specific example of what more generally defined substances?”] (Eta in the first clue is shear viscosity; the clue refers to the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio.)

The captain of a voyage sponsored by this king sent him a letter preserved in the Cèllere Codex. This king forced a university to retract its condemnation of the theological tract Mirror of the Sinful Soul. Cardinal Jacopo Sadoleto’s appeals did not prevent this king’s forces from massacring Waldensians at Mérindol. Hayreddin Barbarossa gifted this ruler a lion during a diplomatic visit reciprocated by Antonio Rincon and Jean de la Forêt (“fo-RAY”). This brother of Marguerite de Navarre acquired the Mona Lisa after Leonardo’s death. This king allied with Suleiman the Magnificent and met Henry VIII at the Field of the Cloth of Gold as part of his rivalry with another ruler who captured him at the Battle of Pavia. For 10 points, name this Valois (“val-WAH”) king of France who feuded with Charles V.
ANSWER: -0 Alan Fan Francis I [or François I (“fran-SWAH prum-YAY”); prompt on Francis or François]

In a novel by this author, a man suffocates after falling into the hold of a ship bound for India called the Swanhilda. One of this author’s protagonists plays “six mournful airs” on his concertina and keeps a canary caged in a “little gilt prison.” In a novel by this author, a painting in Cedarquist’s gallery inspires Presley to write the socialist poem “The Toilers.” This author’s novel The Pit appears in an incomplete trilogy called The Epic of the Wheat, as does a novel about a feud between ranchers in the San Joaquin Valley and a railway company. Erich von Stroheim’s film Greed was based on a novel by this author in which the protagonist’s wife Trina wins the lottery and Marcus handcuffs himself to the title dentist in Death Valley. For 10 points, name this author of The Octopus and McTeague.
ANSWER: Frank -0 Alice Ton Nu Norris [or Benjamin Franklin Norris Jr.]

A woman from this family named Ann Smith published the Newport Mercury, making her the first American female newspaper editor. Under the oversight of a man from this family, Joshua Huddy was hanged, prompting the Asgill Affair. A politician from this family bequeathed his papers to his grandson William Temple, who was the Secretary to the American delegation at the Treaty of Paris. A Loyalist from this family served as the last colonial governor of New Jersey and was raised by Deborah Read. A politician from this family simultaneously served as US Minister to Sweden and France and served as the first Postmaster General. --5 Braxton Davis For 10 points, the Plan of Union was proposed at the Albany Congress by a member of what family, a Founding Father who wrote Poor Richard’s Almanac?
ANSWER: Franklin [accept Benjamin Franklin; accept William Franklin; accept William Temple Franklin; accept Ann Smith Franklin]

Rayford Logan, who worked with this politician, drafted legislation that expanded the role of Black soldiers in the military. Before joining Howard University, William Hastie was sent by this politician to the Virgin Islands. This politician’s wife took a heavily publicized flight with the “Father of Black Aviation,” C. Alfred Anderson. This politician established the Slave Narrative Collection as part of the Federal Writers’ Project. Robert C. Weaver and National Youth Association head Mary McLeod were among the 45 members of this president’s “Black Cabinet.” The Fair Employment Practice Committee was created by this president, who hired thousands of Black workers for the Works Progress Administration. For 10 +10 James Horsley points, name this president who advocated for Black advancement through his New Deal.
ANSWER: Franklin Delano Roosevelt [or FDR; prompt on Roosevelt]

This thinker supplemented his funding with support from Elsie Clews Parsons, who published Pueblo Indian Religion. This thinker’s criticism of Madison Grant and protection of “non-conformist thought” led his university to bar him from teaching male undergraduates. Marvin Harris criticized this thinker for practicing “historical particularism” instead of universal laws of cultural development. This thinker’s work on immigration for the Dillingham Commission led him to reject correlations between brain size and ability, which he expanded in a book based on his fieldwork with the Kwakiutl. This anthropologist’s students included Zora Neale Hurston and Margaret Mead. For 10 points, name this author of The Mind of Primitive Man, known as the “father of American anthropology.”
ANSWER: Franz Boas

A person who was nicknamed for this noun founded a town called The Gore east of the Preemption Line on land purchased from the Pulteney Association. A “Committee on National Legislation” named for this noun provided grassroots support for Native groups through its belief in the “Peace Testimony.” Jemima Wilkinson was the birth name of a person nicknamed for this noun who had a bond with Sarah Richards and claimed to be reborn without gender. A “Society” named for this noun, which took its name from John 15:14, held Yearly Meetings that used “plain speech” and was founded by George Fox. A “Public Universal” preacher named for this noun advocated for that Society’s value of pacifism. For 10 points, name this noun that names a “Society” also known as the Quakers.
ANSWER: friends [or Society of Friends; or Public Universal Friend; or Friends Committee on National Legislation; prompt on Quakers by asking “The Quakers belonged to a Society named for what noun?”]

In approximations where a quantity named for this scientist varies, cascade arrest occurs on the Rhines length scale. A quantity named for this scientist plus relative vorticity yields absolute vorticity in the barotropic vorticity equation. This scientist introduced the term “work” to physics and determined the “one-half” coefficient in the expression for kinetic energy. This scientist’s namesake parameter equals twice the rotation rate of the Earth times the sine of latitude, which gives the frequency of inertial oscillations on Earth. This scientist names the force that causes leftward deflection of an object in a clockwise rotating reference frame that arises alongside centrifugal force. For 10 points, identify this French scientist who names the effect explaining the direction in which cyclones rotate.
ANSWER: Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis [accept Coriolis parameter or Coriolis frequency; accept Coriolis effect or Coriolis force or Coriolis pseudoforce]

To challenge the lack of Black representation through a type of this concept, Caetlin Benson-Allott analyzed the TV show Insecure in her paper “No Such Thing Not Yet.” John Urry argued that what visitors to a new city see is a social construction in the “tourist” form of this concept. A 1992 essay by bell hooks that rejects a paper that looks at the “scopophilic instinct” of a certain group is titled for an “Oppositional” form of this concept. The paper “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema” that formulated a type of this concept analyzed Hitchcock’s films Vertigo and Rear Window. In her writings on feminist film theory, Laura Mulvey popularized a “male” version of this concept. For 10 points, name this social science concept that refers to a prolonged look.
ANSWER: gaze [accept male gaze or female gaze or oppositional gaze or tourist gaze]

This is the only phenomenon active in a model that uses the expression negative natural log of one minus theta to estimate Reynolds’s distance. Michael Lynch’s barrier hypothesis is partially named after this phenomenon, which is modeled backwards in time to determine coalescence events. The null hypothesis for the McDonald–Kreitman test states that this phenomenon predominates, in accordance with Kimura’s neutral theory. This phenomenon explains why the time to fixation for an allele is proportional to effective population size in the Wright–Fisher model for it. Pioneer species are subject intensely to the founder effect, a form of this phenomenon that also manifests during population bottlenecks. For 10 points, name this phenomenon where allele distributions change randomly.
ANSWER: genetic drift [accept neutral drift; accept random drift; accept allele drift or allelic drift; accept drift-barrier hypothesis; accept Wright effect until read; accept founder effect until read; accept population bottlenecks until read; prompt on neutral mutations or random mutations; prompt on neutral theory or neutral evolution]

After seeing an image of this man’s face transform into that of the man who hexed him, John Blymire murdered the pow-wow sorcerer Nelson Rehmeyer at Hex Hollow. As a possible response to nativism, patriotic Catholics spread tales of how Father Neale baptized this man prior to his death. This man’s chef allegedly committed suicide after he failed to assassinate him with tomatoes. A chieftain proclaimed an “Indian prophecy” predicting that a powerful empire would be led by this man, who had emerged unscathed by bullets at Monongahela. Parson Weems’ biography of this man popularized various apocryphal anecdotes about this man, including one where he declared “I can’t tell a lie.” For 10 points, what man’s folklore describes him wearing wooden dentures and felling a cherry tree?
ANSWER: George Washington

The speaker calls a yew hedge from this country “gothic and barbarous” in the poem “Little Fugue.” The impact of a bumblebee enthusiast born in this country on his child’s poetry is examined in Heather Clark’s biography Red Comet. A city in this country is called a “morgue” between two other cities in a poem that describes women from this country as “naked and bald in their firs” and opens, “perfection is terrible, it cannot have children.” The speaker claims to have “thought every” person in this country “was you” in a poem that alludes to this country’s leader in a line about a “man in black” with a certain “look”; that poem opens “you do not do, you do not do.” For 10 points, atrocities committed by what country are referenced throughout Sylvia Plath’s poem “Daddy”?
ANSWER: Germany [or Deutschland; or Federal Republic of Germany; or Bundesrepublik Deutschland; accept Nazi Germany; accept East Germany or West Germany] (The third sentence is from “The Munich Mannequins.”)

Gomori-positive subsets of these non-muscle cells are rich in degenerated mitochondria. Corkscrew-shaped aggregates called Rosenthal fibers are mostly composed of these cells’ namesake fibrillary acidic protein. EAAT1/2 (“E-A-A-T-one-two”) facilitates the reuptake of glutamate into these cells. In response to injury, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans produced by these cells accumulate in their namesake scars. The alkylating agent temozolomide is used to treat WHO Grade III and IV blastomas of these cells. The Bergmann type of these cells is abundant in the Purkinje layer. Synaptic pruning is mediated by phagocytic “micro” forms of these cells. Star-shaped types of these cells have foot processes that form the blood-brain barrier. For 10 points, name these supportive non-neuronal cells of the CNS.
ANSWER: +10 Yash Tiwari -0 Simarya Ahuja glial cells [accept neuroglial cells or neuroglia; accept macroglia or microglia; accept astroglia or astrocytes; accept radial glial cells or RGCs or radial glial progenitor cells or RGPs; accept Muller glia; accept Bergmann glia; accept glial fibrillary acidic protein or GFAP; accept glial scars or gliosis; accept glioblastomas or astrocytomas; prompt on brain cells; prompt on macrophages or leukocytes or phagocytes until read by asking “what non-immune function do they also serve?”; reject “neurons” or “nerve cells”]

This thinker imagined Alexander the Great’s soul to illustrate both a “complete individual concept” and the “doctrine of marks and traces.” This thinker used Julius Caesar crossing the Rubicon to illustrate a theory of truth where predicates are contained within concepts. This thinker argued that only necessary truths are grounded on Aristotle’s principle of non-contradiction, while contingent truths are grounded in what this thinker called the Principle of Sufficient Reason. Before his death in 1716, this thinker argued that the only beings were “windowless” simple substances, which are only fully understood by the all-knowing God described in his Théodicée (“tay-oh-dee-SAY”). For 10 points, name this optimistic German philosopher who wrote Monadology and claimed that we lived in the best of all possible worlds.
ANSWER: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

This thinker formalized a statement of equinumerosity that George Boolos later identified as Hume’s principle. This thinker wrote two essays criticizing David Hilbert’s lecture on geometry for relying on the demonstration of consistency. This thinker introduced the turnstile symbol to logic in a book that criticizes Kant’s claim that 2 + 3 = 5 was unprovable. Michael Dummett attributes the beginning of the linguistic turn to this thinker’s use of the context principle while discussing the origin of numbers. This thinker’s Basic Law V (“five”) was shown to be flawed when considering sets through Russell’s paradox. A puzzle at the start of a paper by this thinker notes “Hesperus is Hesperus. Hesperus is Phosphorus.” For 10 points, name this German philosopher who wrote The Foundations of Arithmetic and On Sense and Reference.
ANSWER: Gottlob Frege -0 Annika Larson

The concept of “lo’eg larash” (“lo-EGG la-RAHSH”) or “mocking the poor” is traditionally associated with these places and applies to certain prayers and the act of wearing the tzitzit (“tsee-TSEET”). Ecclesiastes 1:2’s repetition of the word “vanity” prompted the tradition of halting seven times during a procession held at these places. Societies dedicated to maintaining these places may fast on the 7th of Adar (“ah-DAR”) in remembrance of Moses; those “sacred societies” are known as chevra kadisha (“HEV-ruh kuh-DEE-sha”). A practice associated with these places may have originated as a warning to kohanim (“ko-ha-NEEM”) priests to stay away or risk uncleanliness. Cloth is removed from these places during an unveiling ceremony that occurs sometime after shiva (“SHIV-uh”) is observed for a week. For 10 points, name these locations where Jews +10 Aaron Marchand may +10 Yaj Jhajhria lay visitation stones to remember the dead.
ANSWER: graves [or tombs; accept cemeteries or graveyards or mausoleums; accept qeber or kever; accept beit almin and beit kvarot] (Ecclesiastes 1:2 has five vanity and two vanities, and the two vanities are counted as plural for a total of seven.)

Refugees displaced by this conflict spread an outbreak of plague that coincided with the most extreme of the Great Frosts. A plot by the ambassadors Erik Sparre (“spar”) and Karl Gyllenborg led to British intervention in this conflict. Hundreds of civilians were massacred during this conflict’s Murder Friday, part of the devastation of one province in the Great Wrath. A treaty signed during this conflict mandated the extradition of Johann Reinhold Patkul and the withdrawal of Augustus the Strong. The losing side in this conflict lost its exemption from the Sound Dues and the provinces of Ingria and Livonia. A Cossack defection did not prevent one ruler from losing this conflict’s Battle of Poltava. For 10 points, name this war in which Peter the Great led a coalition against Charles XII’s Sweden.
ANSWER: Great Northern War [accept Second Northern War; prompt on Northern Wars]

Anarchists known as the “Boatmen” of a city in this modern-day country carried out a 1903 bombing campaign. The Pallis Report detailed the effects of a 1917 fire in this country’s second-largest city that displaced over half its Jewish population. Alexander Schinas (“skee-NAHS”) was defenestrated six weeks after assassinating a king of this country, whose successor sparked the National Schism. Refugees fleeing to this country were crowded onto a quay (“kee”) during a fire in the “Smyrna catastrophe.” Fridtjof (“FRED-yawv”) Nansen oversaw a 1923 population exchange between this country and its eastern neighbor, which was agreed to by its former prime minister Eleftherios Venizelos. For 10 points, name this country that during World War I was led by competing governments in Thessaloniki and Athens.
ANSWER: Greece [or Hellenic Republic; or Elláda; or Ellinikí Dimokratía; accept Kingdom of Greece; accept Vasíleion tis Elládos]

A player of this instrument developed a rhythmic pattern that alternates between a grace note into a quarter note and a short, accented quarter note, known as “the pump.” The album Solo Flight collects recordings by one of the first important soloists on this instrument, whose 20-chorus solo on “Rose Room” allowed him to join the Benny Goodman Sextet. In swing, this instrument usually comps staccato quarter notes in Freddie Green voicings. Charlie Christian played this instrument, as did the developer of “jazz manouche.” With violinist Stéphane Grappelli, a player of this instrument founded the Quintette du Hot Club de France, which recorded his songs “Minor Swing” and “Nuages.” For 10 points, what instrument was played by the three-fingered Romani virtuoso Django Reinhardt?
ANSWER: guitar +10 Alan Fan [accept electric guitar; accept acoustic guitar]

An artist on a beach used one of these objects while a plane flew above in the piece 747. Xiao Lu used one of these objects at the premiere of her 1989 installation Dialogue. A fight broke out over one of these objects during Marina Abramović’s piece Rhythm 0. The Mozambican artist Kester used these objects to make both the sculpture Tree of Life and a throne. Three years before being crucified onto a Volkswagen Beetle in the piece Trans-Fixed, Chris Burden had a friend use one of these objects on him in his most famous work of performance art. In the most famous photograph by Eddie Adams, a man nonchalantly uses one of these objects on another man in Saigon. For 10 points, in a 1968 incident at The Factory, what sort of object did Valerie Solanas use on Andy Warhol?
ANSWER: guns [or firearms; accept specific types of guns such as rifles or pistols or machine guns or AK-47s; accept bullets; prompt on weapons] (747 is by Chris Burden, whose most famous work is titled Shoot.)

After the success of Alexandre Cabanel’s Birth of Venus, this painter responded with a set of two paintings, the first of which depicts a masculine Venus lying on top of a sleeping Psyche. In another painting by this artist, a woman holds out her outstretched arm as she receives a parrot. A parody by Tanja Ostojić (“Tanya OSS-toh-yeech”) titled “After [this artist]” depicts a set of panties that includes the European Union flag. Two nude lesbians embrace on silk sheets in a painting by this artist entitled Sleep. Jacques Lacan owned, and Khalil Bey commissioned, a painting by this artist that likely features Joanna Hiffernan’s exposed vulva. A crucifix is held high above clergymen in a painting by this artist that depicts his uncle’s funeral. For 10 points, name this French realist painter of The Origin of the World and The Burial at Ornans.
ANSWER: Gustave Courbet

In Black Boy, an editorial against this author inspires a young Richard Wright to obsessively read books by this author from his public library. The careers of several hardboiled fiction writers were launched by this author and George Jean Nathan’s pulp magazine Black Mask. This author lambasted the Puritan influence on writers like Mark Twain in an essay included in A Book of Prefaces. This author criticized J. Gordon Coogler’s poetry to open an essay that mocks the South as a cultural “Sahara of the Bozart.” This author of The American Language is the model for the cynical E. K. Hornbeck in Lawrence and Lee’s play Inherit the Wind, which was based on an event at which this journalist reported. For 10 points, the name “Scopes Monkey Trial” was coined by what “Sage of Baltimore”?
ANSWER: H. L. Mencken [or Henry Louis Mencken]

In a piece titled in French for this genre, the solo violinist enters with a long low B, then a fast E major scale landing on a B two octaves higher; that piece’s opening is marked allegretto lusinghiero (“loo-sing-YAIR-oh”). A movement in this genre precedes the concluding “Feria” of a rhapsody by Maurice Ravel. After a violin showpiece’s introduction, a moderato [emphasize] movement in this genre may insert a countermelody taken from a different fantasy by Franz Waxman. The second movement of a fantasy by Pablo de Sarasate adapts a mezzo-soprano aria in this genre whose melody chromatically descends from D. The singer of that aria in this genre repeats “prends garde à toi” (“prahn GARD ah TWAH”), tosses a flower at Don José (“zho-ZAY”), and claims that “love is a rebellious bird.” For 10 points, an aria from Carmen is in what genre named for a +10 Joel Miles Cuban city?
ANSWER: habanera [or havanaise; accept contradanza; prompt on country dance, contra dance, or contredanse by asking “what is the genre natively called?”] (The first clue refers to Camille Saint-Saëns’s Havanaise. In Cuba, the genre is called the contradanza.)

This man sent a carefully worded letter apologizing for his soldiers’ haste in proclaiming him ruler while he governed Syria. This ruler supposedly dictated a poem addressed to a “little drifter” from his deathbed. This ruler commissioned a poem from Pancrates about his hunt of the Marousian lion, which was also depicted on the Arch of Constantine. Rebels against this ruler took shelter in caves after his forces captured Betar. This ruler rebuilt a destroyed city as Aelia Capitolina, which may have helped spark the Bar Kokhba revolt. This ruler’s villa at Tivoli held a statue of his deified lover Antinous. This emperor ordered the construction of a 73-mile fortification to defend against attacks by the Picts. For 10 points, name this successor of Trajan, a Roman emperor who built a namesake wall in Britannia.
ANSWER: Hadrian [or Publius Aelius Hadrianus]

It’s not Afghanistan, but two organizations based in this country dubbed the 5 seconds and the Taliban seized control of the Magalie and looted its rice stores in 2024. This country’s Cul-de-Sac Plain was the site of a large battle between the Chen Mechan and 400 Mawozo that cost 150 civilians their lives. Suspected criminals have been lynched by a grassroots vigilante movement in this country whose name translates to “peeled wood.” The Viv Ansanm coalition, formed from the union of G-Pèp and the G9 alliance, orchestrated the ouster of this country’s prime minister Ariel Henry under the leadership of Jimmy “Barbecue” Chérizier. A Kenya-led Multinational Security Support mission in this country has been replaced by the Gang Suppression Force. For 10 points, name this country, whose gangs have taken control of Port-au-Prince?
ANSWER: Haiti [or the Republic of Haiti; accept Repiblik d Ayiti or République d’Haïti]

The UK-based women’s organization, Global One, has crafted a “Green Guide” to this activity that discourages plastic waste. Following a 2012 Supreme Court order, India phased out a subsidy for this activity in 2018 that was heavily criticized for its promotion of an Air India monopoly. Phishing websites aim to deter people partaking in this activity from using MoHU-approved platforms like “Tasreeh” and “Nusuk.” Free visas issued between the months of Shawwal and Dhual-Qa’dah are meant for this activity, whose participants don white ihram garments. A tally counter, prayer beads, and prayer mats are fixtures of amenity kits provided by special flights reserved for this activity by Emirates and Qatar Airways. For 10 points, Saudi Arabia’s Makkah Road Initiative helps facilitate what pilgrimage to the Kaaba?
ANSWER: hajj [accept umrah; accept answers involving a visit to Mecca until “Makkah” is read; accept answers involving the obtaining of a permit for the hajj or purchasing a hajj package; prompt on pilgrimage; prompt on visiting Saudi Arabia until read]

Upon hearing this piece, its dedicatee wrote that with “Beethoven dead” only its composer “could revive him.” This piece’s soloist enters with the slow 3/4 melody “D, long B, C, long low E,” over G major harp arpeggios. In this piece’s third movement, an introduction featuring piccolo and oboe leads to an English horn solo imitating pifferari bagpipers. This piece’s first movement reuses a melody from its composer’s Rob Roy overture and depicts its title character “in the Mountains,” and its later movements depict a “March of the Pilgrims” and an “Orgy of the Brigands.” After seeing the amount of rests in the solo part, Niccolò Paganini declined to perform this piece, which was loosely inspired by a Lord Byron poem. For 10 points, name this symphony featuring solo viola by Hector Berlioz.
ANSWER: Harold in Italy [or Harold en Italie]

In the title story of a collection by this author, a woman asks the narrator if he enjoys being “All dressed up, alone at a bar… quietly into your reading” before berating him about something he did by the shore three years earlier. That story references an earlier story by this author in which an old man at a beach tells the narrator that the “most important essence of life” is the “crème de la crème.” This author wrote about a man who described a time when he listened to Wagner operas in exchange for bread. In another story by this author, a man admits to his habit of burning barns. This author of First Person Singular and The Elephant Vanishes described a man who is accused of killing his cat by his wife in a short story that later became the first chapter of a book about Toru Okada. For 10 points, name this author of The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle.
ANSWER: Haruki Murakami (The story in the second sentence is “Cream.” The stories in the third sentence are “The Second Bakery Attack” and “Barn Burning.”)

This politician often traveled with Jack Lira, who had been escorted out of his events for drunkenness. The journalist Herb Caen published a column that linked this politician with Oliver Sipple, who thwarted an assassination attempt by grabbing Sara Jane Moore’s arm. This politician described cult leader Jim Jones as a “man of the highest character” in a letter to Jimmy Carter. This politician’s death led to Cornelius Murphy’s appointment as Chief of Police following the White Night riots. This politician delivered the “Hope” speech while campaigning against the Briggs Initiative. Dianne Feinstein discovered this politician’s body after he was shot alongside George Moscone in 1978 by Dan White. For 10 points, name this gay politician who served on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors.
ANSWER: Harvey +10 Owen Arneson Milk

A politician from this state introduced the Early Childhood Education Act and became the first woman Democrat to issue a televised response to the State of the Union. The ILWU supported a senator from this state to serve alongside Oren Long; that senator from this state was succeeded by a politician who took the name “Spark.” A politician from this state was said to “answer Vietnam with that empty sleeve,” referring to how he lost his arm with the 442nd Infantry Regiment. In the 1964 election, a senator from this state named Hiram Fong was the first Asian American to receive delegate votes. Patsy Mink served this state, home to a senator who succeeded Robert Byrd as President pro tempore, Daniel Inouye. For 10 points, name this state where Inouye gave a keynote address defining “Aloha.”
ANSWER: Hawaii +10 Carson Kessler

A devil residing in a pagan Indian idol informs St. Bartholomew that a figure with this name was bound in fire by Jesus Christ in the saint’s namesake saga. In the Old English Gospel of Nicodemus, a figure with this name expels Satan after engaging him in a flyting. After crossing a river of blades, Hadding encounters a woman who rips off a rooster’s head and throws it over a wall, or grind (“grinned”), named for a figure with this name. A figure with this name, whose dish is named “hunger” and knife named “famine,” is beseeched by Hermod, who had traveled nine nights to reach her domain. The blood-stained hound Garmr stands guard over the domain of a figure with this name who demands that all living things must weep for Baldr. For 10 points, what name is given to a daughter of Loki who rules over the Norse underworld?
ANSWER: Hel [or Hela; accept Seo Hell; accept Helgrindr]

This thinker stated that when humans make fun of animals, it is often because we recognize some human behavior in them. This thinker distinguished between sensori-motor “habit-memory” and unconscious “pure-memory.” This thinker argues that the comic is a strictly human phenomenon in the first notable philosophical work on humor, the 1900 book Laughter. This thinker proposed a hypothetical reasoning for organism development as a creative impulse that drives life forward. In a debate with a scientist, this thinker argued against removing the human experience aspect from time; that debate with Albert Einstein came after this thinker published Duration and Simultaneity. For 10 points, name this French intuitionist philosopher who wrote Time and Free Will and outlined the “élan vital” in his book Creative Evolution.
ANSWER: Henri-Louis -0 Braden Booth Bergson

This process is promoted by captodative ethylene groups before [2+2] (“two-plus-two”) cycloaddition reactions. Mercury lamps induce this process in nitrite esters during the first step of the Barton reaction. A rare intracellular form of this process is the first step of the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase reaction mechanism that requires vitamin B12 cofactors. Evolution of nitrogen gas promotes this process in AIBN (“A-I-B-N”), which precedes hydrogen atom abstraction for one method of polymerization initiation. This process occurs after hydrogen peroxide is exposed to heat or light due to weak oxygen–oxygen bonds. Fishhook arrows are used to depict this process, which usually generates free radicals. For 10 points, name this type of bond cleavage in which each atom involved receives one electron.
ANSWER: homolysis [or homolytic bond cleavage; prompt on bond cleavage until read; prompt on breaking or decomposition or dissociation or fragmentation or splitting or scission or lysis; prompt on free radical formation or free radical initiation until read by asking “as a result of what physical process?”]

A 2018 paper contrasts these institutions as “a culture of culprit” and a “culture of remedy.” A Russell Mannion and Huw Davies paper notes that organizational culture in these institutions is classified into “shared ways of thinking” and “deeper shared assumptions.” A test for these institutions asks questions such as “I have made potential errors to harm others” and is known as a safety attitudes questionnaire. Sociologists have studied the racist impact of research at these institutions by J. Marion Sims, who established the first of them for women. In the United States, operational efficiency in these institutions is evaluated based on bed flow, discharge, and triage. For +10 George Matsumura 10 points, what institutions use the term “code blue” to refer to a patient in distress in an intensive care unit?
ANSWER: hospitals [or emergency rooms; or ERs; or accident and emergency; or AEs; accept intensive care unit or ICUs until read; prompt on health systems; prompt on medical facilities; reject “care homes” or “assisted-living facilities” or “pharmacies”]

An episode of darkness at one of these locations leads Juan to wrongly accuse Leonor of Ana’s infidelity. That one of these places titles a play detailing a love circle between Don Pedro, Leonor, Don Carlos, and Ana by Sor Juana. At the opening of another play, the tolling of bells is heard at one of these locations that has paintings of non-realistic landscapes with nymphs and legendary kings. An essay by Lu Xun describes the departure from one of these places of a character who earlier had paid a shilling for a Christmas tree. In one of these locations, a woman is told that Pepe had fled by pony after a mourning period, which she spent wearing a green dress. For 10 points, a Federico García Lorca play is titled for what kind of location belonging to Bernarda Alba?
ANSWER: house [accept home or equivalents; accept House of Bernarda Alba; accept House of Desires or Los empeños de una casa; accept A Doll’s House]

An author from this country described his support for the outcome of the “Trial of the Twenty-One” in his travelogue The Russian Adventure. The time that an author from this country spent at Clervaux Abbey in Luxembourg inspired a novel about a “Great Weaver” from Kashmir. In a novel, “Years of Prosperity” ensue when wool and mutton farmers from this country profit from price increases during World War I. An author who wrote a historical novel about this country’s Bell wrote about the sheep farmer Bjartur’s attempt to establish the estate Summerhouses. An epic from this country describes how the supernaturally strong Gunnar ends up in multiple feuds, including with his friend Njáll. For 10 points, name this country home to Independent People novelist Halldor Laxness and Snorri Sturluson.
ANSWER: Iceland +10 Braden Booth [or Ísland; accept Iceland’s Bell]

During this event, one man stated, “I do not intend to be bullied by enemies nor overawed by my friends.” Records about this event contain discrepancies concerning whether William Henry Koontz and Francis Thomas were present. After being arrested at the request of his predecessor, this event’s central figure shared a bottle of whiskey with Major-General Lorenzo Thomas. Perry Fuller was appointed as collector of the port of New Orleans after this event at the request of Senator Edmund Ross, who cast its deciding vote. This event was initiated by Radical Republicans after Edwin Stanton was removed as Secretary of War +10 Owen Arneson in violation of the Tenure of Office Act. For 10 points, name this 1868 judicial event that failed to remove the successor to Abraham Lincoln from the presidency.
ANSWER: impeachment of Andrew Johnson [or trial of Andrew Johnson or equivalents; prompt on impeachment or trial]

This operation is done for a fixed period, then its inverse is done for a variable period in a dual-slope analog-to-digital converter. This operation names a neuronal model proposed by Louis Lapicque (“la-PEEK”) that makes no assumption about the shape of action potentials. This operation is the second term in the computation done by three-term control systems. Ideal op-amps that implement this operation have a transfer function of the negative reciprocal of RC times s, since this operation in the time domain is Laplace transformed into division in the s-domain. A capacitor performs this mathematical operation to the current, since the charge is equal to this operation with respect to time on the current. For 10 points, name this operation from calculus that gives the area under a curve.
ANSWER: -0 Safiya Hasan integration (with respect to time) [or taking the integral with respect to time; or word forms like integrate or integrator; accept integrate-and-fire model; accept proportional–integral–derivative controller]

N-type inactivation of the slo1 (“slow-one”) type of these proteins can be described by the ball-and-chain model. One of these proteins uses the conserved TVGYG sequence as a “selectivity filter.” The “long-lasting” type of another class of these proteins is resistant to omega-conotoxins but not to dihydropyridines (“di-hydro-pyridines”). Metabotropic glutamate receptors are contrasted with these proteins that are alternatively activated by NMDA. Two-pore-domains are found in the “leak” type of these proteins, other types of which include inward and outward rectifying classes. Inhibitors of these proteins like tetrodotoxin are tested using patch clamps. Delayed voltage gating of two different types of these proteins generates action potentials. For 10 points, name these membrane proteins that allow charged species to pass +10 Akshay Seetharam +10 Simarya Ahuja through.
ANSWER: ion channels [accept calcium channels or Ca2+ channels or Ca channels; accept sodium channels or Na+ channels or Na channels; accept potassium channels or K+ channels or K channels; accept leak channels until read; accept voltage-gated channels until read; accept ligand-gated channels or lipid-gated channels; accept transmitter-activated channels; accept ionotropic receptors; prompt on channel proteins or transporter proteins by asking “for what molecules?”; prompt on integral membrane proteins or transmembrane proteins until read]

The response of a device named for this process to hydrocarbons is directly proportional to the number of carbon atoms by an “equal per carbon” rule. Direct analysis in real time induces this process through the production of metastable species in an ambient form of it. Excess methane gas is used to induce this process in its “chemical” type. This process partially names a detector in gas chromatography that uses hydrogen flames. An energy +10 Braxton Davis for this process can be calculated from HOMO (“ho-mo”) energies according to Koopman’s theorem. A “soft” form of this process occurs after matrix-assisted laser desorption. Products generated by this process are often analyzed by distinct mass-to-charge ratios. For 10 points, name this process of removing electrons to generate charged species.
ANSWER: ionization [accept ionization constant; accept first or second ionization energies; accept ambient ionization; accept chemical ionization or CI or negative chemical ionization or NCI or atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization or APCI or atmospheric pressure photoionization or APPI; accept flame ionization detectors or FIDs; accept hard or soft ionization; accept electrospray ionization or ESI; accept matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization or MALDI; accept dissociation or dissociation constant; prompt on mass spectrometry or MS; prompt on separation]

In a novel set in this city, a man tries to track down his missing wife by assuming the identity of his half-brother and continuing his newspaper column. A fictional historian who first appeared in the novel Silent House writes the preface for the frame narrative of a novel set in this city where a pretend doctor spends six years building a weapon. After visiting this city’s treasury, an investigator comes to a conclusion about who drew some sketches of horses with large nostrils in the Chinese style. The unnamed narrator is enslaved under the eccentric polymath Hoja in this city in the novel The White Castle. A novel set in this city opens with the narrative of Elegant Effendi, who has just been murdered +10 Joel Miles and stuffed into a well. For 10 points, name this city that was the setting of several Orhan Pamuk novels, including My Name is Red.
ANSWER: Istanbul [accept Constantinople or Konstantiniyye]

A poet in this language was inspired by T. S. Eliot’s theory of the objective correlative for his idea of “occasions.” A poet who described how it was suddenly evening at the end of a three-line poem used this language, which was central to a 1920s literary movement named in reference to Hermes Trismegistus. The narrator of a poem in this language sits on a “solitary” hill and wonders how “sweet” it would be to be shipwrecked “in this sea.” This language of the collection Cuttlefish Bones was used to describe the limitless vastness of negative space in “The Infinite.” A poet in this language developed and used an interlocking three-line rhyme scheme for an epic where the author’s dead love guides him through the nine celestial spheres. For 10 points, name this language used by Nobel Prize winners Eugenio Montale and Salvatore Quasimodo.
ANSWER: Italian [or Italiano; accept Tuscan]

A tradition of “indifference” espoused by this group’s founder “to all created things” discourages “inordinate attachments” to things like health and sickness in favor of dedicating oneself to serving God. A “discernment of spirits” is advocated by this group to understand the “motions of the soul” as part of the daily Examen. “First Studies” and “Regency” are among the stages experienced by this group’s novitiates during “formation.” A fourth vow of “special obedience to the sovereign pontiff” can be made by members of this group. A process of extracting general moral principles from specific cases associated with this group was attacked in the Provincial Letters of Blaise Pascal. For 10 points, what Catholic order known for reasoning with casuistry was founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola?
ANSWER: Jesuits [or the Society of Jesus or the Jesuit Order or Societas Iesu or Iesuitae; prompt on the priesthood]

This artist added lines from James Thomson’s The Seasons to a painting that caused controversy after being swapped with the painting Caligula’s Palace and Bridge. This artist created a smaller, sunnier replica of one painting later gifted to his patron John Fisher. Another painting by this artist created three years after the death of his wife depicts a rainbow amidst a stormy sky above the title building. This artist, who depicted Salisbury Cathedral “from the Meadows” and “from the Bishop’s Grounds,” created a set of paintings known as “six-footers,” including one titled The White Horse. Willy Lott’s Cottage appears on the left-hand side of a painting by this artist depicting three horses pulling a wagon of wood across the River Stour. For 10 points, name this Romantic painter of The Hay Wain.
ANSWER: John Constable

Bertolt Brecht adapted a play by this author to the Spanish Civil War in his play Señora Carrar’s Rifles. Near the end of a play by this author, a woman laments that “I’ll have no call now to be going down and getting Holy Water in the dark nights” after receiving news of an event she foretold. In that play by this author, Maurya sees her son riding a horse followed by a ghost as a sign of her last son’s impending death. In another play by this author, an older man recognizes the protagonist after he wins a mule race. Christy Mahon impresses townspeople by claiming to have murdered his father in a play by this author that caused riots at the Abbey Theatre with a line about women in shifts. For 10 points, name this Irish author of Riders to the Sea and The Playboy of the Western World.
ANSWER: John +10 Sasha Fillbrandt Millington Synge (“sing”) [or J. M. Synge; or Edmund John Millington Synge]

In a story by this author, a college student shares an emotionally intimate night with the girl Margaret while driving home for winter vacation. This author curated the anthology The Best American Short Stories of the Century, penned the story “The Happiest I’ve Been,” and wrote three collections about the writer Henry Bech. A story by this author ends with the protagonist reflecting on “how hard the world was going to be to me hereafter” as he stands in a parking lot, unable to find characters nicknamed Plaid, Queenie, and Big Tall Goony-Goony. The protagonist abruptly quits when his boss Lengel chews out three girls for shopping in bathing suits in this author’s story “A&P.” For 10 points, what author created the former high school basketball star Harry Angstrom in Rabbit, Run?
ANSWER: John Updike [or John Hoyer Updike]

This author observed there is “just enough religion to make us hate, but not enough to make us love one another” in an essay of epigrams. Another epigram by this author from that essay, “Thoughts on Various Subjects, Moral and Diverting,” provides the title of John Kennedy Toole’s A Confederacy of Dunces. This author published a mocking elegy for an astrologer whose death he predicted under the pseudonym Isaac Bickerstaff. A digression in which a bee destroys a spider’s web interrupts this author’s depiction of the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns as a literal conflict in an introduction to another work. That work is this author’s “The Battle of the Books,” which was published with A Tale of a Tub. For 10 points, name this Irish author who satirically argued for eating infants in “A Modest Proposal.”
ANSWER: Jonathan Swift

In a story by this author, the diaries of a soon-to-be married woman reveal an obsession with an old woman in Hungary with whom she is later implied to have swapped bodies. Another story by this author follows the relationship between jazz musician Johnny Carter and his biographer Bruno in an allegory of Charlie Parker’s life. A story by this author of “The Pursuer” titles the second chapter of Giannina Braschi’s novel Yo-Yo Boing! A man sitting in a green velvet armchair reading about two lovers +10 Braden Booth plotting murder turns out to be the planned victim in this author’s story “The Continuity of Parks.” This author’s story about Roberto Michel’s obsession with a photograph of a woman and teen inspired a movie of the same name by Michelangelo Antonioni. For 10 points, what Argentinian author of “Blow-Up” wrote the novel Hopscotch?
ANSWER: Julio Florencio Cortázar (The first story is “The Distances.”)

To criticize theories of this property, Laurence BonJour imagines a clairvoyant man named Norman thinking the president was in New York. To explain different levels of this property, Roderick Chisholm borrows legal terms like “beyond reasonable doubt” while explicating his theory of internalism. An Alvin Goldman paper argues that this property comes from the reliability of mental processes that lead to ideas; that paper influenced reliabilism, which disagrees with evidentialism over the circumstances where beliefs can hold this property. In English, this property is the first part of a traditional three-word definition criticized by Edmund Gettier in a 3-page paper. For 10 points, according to a definition given by Plato in Theaetetus, what additional property must true belief have to be knowledge?
ANSWER: justification +10 Owen Arneson [or word forms like being justified; accept justified true belief; prompt on knowledge by asking “what property that knowledge relies on is being discussed?”; reject “warrant”]

The Agnishvattas (“UG-nee-SHVAH-tuhs”) are born from Brahma’s sweat after this god distresses the maiden Sandhya soon after his birth from Brahma’s mind. It’s not Krishna, but most depictions of the self-decapitated goddess Chhinnamasta show her standing on this god as he couples with his wife. This god is reborn as the bodiless Ananga after he disrupts the meditation of another deity using blooming flowers, a gentle breeze, and buzzing bees as part of a plan to defeat the asura, Taraka. A treatise by Vatsyayana named for this god advises that men should acquire dharma in their old age, and attend to both artha and the treatise’s titular concept in their youth. A parrot serves as the mount of this god, who is incinerated by the third eye of Shiva after he fires his sugarcane bow. For 10 points, what Hindu god of love lends his name to an erotic Sanskrit sutra?
ANSWER: -0 Isaac Studley +10 Yaj Jhajhria Kamadeva [or Kama or Manmatha or Madana; accept Ananga until read; accept Kama Sutra; prompt on Pradyumna]

Veteran “Tigers” named for being from this region were displaced after a non-Indian “Operation Grand Slam” and became mercenaries for the MPLA and AFDL. In 1990, a shadow group called “the owls” hacked 300 student protestors into pieces in a university named for this region’s capital. British colonel William Stairs was called a traitor for claiming this region’s Yeke Kingdom and assassinating its leader, Msiri, on behalf of a colonial rival. This region’s colonial UMHK company evolved into the national company Gécamines (“jay-kah-MEEN”). This region, once renamed Shaba, contains the Shinkolobwe Mine that supplied the Manhattan Project’s uranium and the Kamoto Mine that is the largest cobalt mine today. For 10 points, Mïse Tshombe led a secession movement from what copper-producing region during the Congo Crisis?
ANSWER: +10 Arunn Sankar -0 Lucas Barnes Katanga [accept Shaba until read; accept Haut-Katanga; prompt on Lualaba, Haut-Lomami, or Tanganyika by asking “what province were these modern provinces part of prior to 2015?”] (The first line refers to the Katangese Tigers.)

This city has faced water shortages supplying its hitis, communal water fountains that are often decorated with carvings of snake heads. In this city, an artificial water tank with a name meaning “Queen’s Pond” is opened once a year during the end of the Tihar festival. This city, which forms a metro area with smaller cities like Bhaktapur and Lalitpur, houses ancient temples in its Durbar Square. A valley named for this city is home to the Newar ethnic group. After receiving heavy pollution in that valley named for this city, the Bagmati River flows south through steep gorges of the Himachal Rconange into the state of Bihar. Daily domestic flights connect this city to the dangerous Tenzing-Hillary Airport. For 10 points, tourists travelling to the southern base camp of Everest will usually fly into what capital city?
ANSWER: Kathmandu +10 Safiya Hasan

In a novel by this author, the smell of smoke makes a character say that his father has only succeeded in kindling “my ambition.” That protagonist of a novel by this author is frustrated when his grandson pretends to be the Lone Ranger instead of his own nation’s heroes. In another novel by this author, a woman’s claim that there is “no turning back the clock now” makes the protagonist realize that “at that moment, my heart was breaking.” The protagonist ends that novel by this author by resolving to practice “bantering” and hoping to surprise his American employer, Mr. Farraday. A novel by this author follows a motoring trip to visit Miss Kenton by the butler Stevens, who formerly served +10 Alan Fan the Nazi sympathizer Lord Darlington. For 10 points, name this author of An Artist of the Floating World and The Remains of the Day.
ANSWER: Kazuo Ishiguro

Note to moderator: Read the answerline carefully. Historical name required. This region’s ruler Tekish deposed the last Seljuk sultan. The sack of this region’s then-largest city of Gurganj redirected its main river into the Uzboy. The destruction of this region’s Afrighid capital, Kath, was described by its native historian, al-Biruni. This region’s last Anushtegin ruler was Jalal ad-Din, who lost the Battle of the Indus; his father, nicknamed the “second Alexander,” had died after fleeing to a Caspian island. A khanate whose endonym referred to this region was based at Itchan Kala, the center of Khiva. The mathematician who authored the Al-Jabr is named for this region centered on the Amu Darya delta. An empire named for this region was invaded after Mohammed II ordered the murder of a caravan and ensuing emissary. For 10 points, what region names the empire whose defeat completed Genghis Khan’s conquest of Central Asia?
ANSWER: Khwarazm [or -0 Joel Miles Khorezm or Chorasmia; accept Khwarazmian Empire or Khwarazm-Shah; accept al-Khwarizmi; reject “Khorasan” or “Khwarasan” and ask players to clarify the last letter of their answer if needed]

A park in this country features a 17-meter-tall Monolith depicting 121 interlocking nude bodies in a column, as well as the absurd bronze sculpture Man Attacked by Babies. Two artists from this country competed to decorate a university’s assembly hall in the Aula dispute, which ended with the hall hosting the paintings Alma Mater and The Sun. An artist from this country painted a dark self-portrait in which his face is illuminated by a lit cigarette. An affair with Millie Thaulow led that artist from this country to paint a man in black sulking in the corner as a red-haired woman in a white gown kneels and clutches her head. That artist of the painting Ashes from this country also painted women with long, red hair in Love and Pain and The Sick Child. For 10 points, name this home country of the painter of the Frieze of Life, Edvard Munch (“moonk”).
ANSWER: Kingdom of Norway [accept Kongeriket Norge (“NOR-guh”) or Kongeriket Noreg] (The park in the first line is the Vigeland Sculpture Park, home to many sculptures by Gustav Vigeland; his younger brother Emanuel competed with Edvard Munch to design the University of Oslo’s assembly hall.)

A short-lived organization of these people founded by Alfonso XI of Castile took its name from the red sash worn by its members. An anonymous poem about the capture of Hugh of Tiberias may have influenced a book by Ramon Llull (“lull”) on these people. The Arab concept of furusiyya applied to these people. These people participated in hastiludes (“HAST-uh-loods”) like the pas d’armes (“pah darm”) and practiced for one activity using the quintain (“QUIN-tin”). Geoffroi de Charnoi described the adoubement (“ah-doob-MONT”) ceremony in which these people received a set of spurs. +10 Sasha Fillbrandt Jousting was one skill learned by squires preparing to become one of these people. For 10 points, name these people who in medieval Europe were meant to follow the code of chivalry.
ANSWER: knights [accept chevaliers; accept paladins]

Pen and brush drawings were analyzed in a book predominantly collected by a thinker with this surname titled Drawn From Life. That thinker with this surname analyzed folk legends from the Karok and Yurok people in her book The Inland Whale. In The Patwin and their Neighbors, a thinker with this surname coined the term “tribelets” to denote social units smaller than a tribe. With Clark Wissler, a thinker with this surname developed the concept of a “culture area,” which pulled from his Handbook of the Indians of California. An anthropologist with this surname, the mother of Ursula K. Le Guin, published a biography on the “Two Worlds” of the last member of the Yahi tribe whom her husband studied. For 10 points, give this surname of Theodora and the student of Franz Boas who studied Ishi, Alfred.
ANSWER: Kroeber [accept -0 Owen Arneson Alfred Kroeber or Theodora Kroeber; accept Theodora Covel Kracaw]

An author with this surname wrote a novel in which a spy infiltrates a French anarchist collective while growing entranced by their mentor, Bruno Lacombe. That author with this surname created an artist who motorcycles with the Moto Valera crew and is nicknamed for her home city of Reno. This is the surname of the author of Creation Lake and The Flamethrowers. An author with this surname wrote a play in which a power broker claims that labels merely reflect one’s “clout,” wishes to be reborn as an octopus, and offers a job in the Justice Department to a closeted Mormon. In that play by an author with this surname, the ghost of Ethel Rosenberg sings a lullaby for Roy Cohn as he dies of AIDS. For 10 points, give this surname of the playwright of Angels in America.
ANSWER: Kushner [accept Rachel Kushner or Tony Kushner]

This is the first type of place in the title of a slow piano piece in mixed 6/8 and 9/8 time by Ralph (“rafe”) Vaughan Williams. A Rossini piece for clarinet and orchestra draws on an opera titled for one of these places in which a king disguises himself to seduce Elena. In the waltz from a suite titled for one of these places, violins introduce the jaunty melody “rest, C-sharp, short B, long D, C-sharp.” In that suite titled for one of these places, a solo oboe plays a long F-sharp, then a scalar ascent from low B to F-sharp. The “Dance of the Goblets” is from a ballet titled for one of these places that Lev Ivanov and Marius Petipa revived in 1895. For 10 points, what type of place titles a ballet featuring Prince Siegfried, the evil sorcerer von Rothbart, and the swan Odette, with music by Tchaikovsky?
ANSWER: lakes [accept Swan Lake or Le Lac des cygnes or Lebedínoje ózero; accept La Donna del Lago or The Lady of the Lake; accept The Lake in the Mountains]

For configurations of many of these constructs, the dependence between the source and sink is given by a direction and distance vector; these constructs can only safely undergo “interchange” if that distance vector is non-negative. Each index of these constructs corresponds to a point in n-dimensional space in the polyhedral model. The body of one of these constructs is split to better utilize locality of reference through their “fission.” In an example of a space-time tradeoff, a compiler minimizes the overhead of executing these constructs by increasing the binary size through “unrolling” them. One of these constructs nested in another takes big-O of n-squared time to iterate through. For 10 points, name these control flow elements that come in “while” and “for” forms.
ANSWER: loops [accept nested loops; accept loop interchange; accept loop fission; accept loop unrolling]

Richard Rorty’s claim that this concept becomes morally dubious after reading Sigmund Freud is discussed in a David Velleman paper. The “Quality View” of this concept has led to the “trading-up” objection discussed by Rosalind Chaplin and Adam Smith. In a book subtitled “New Visions,” bell hooks argues this concept is something that we must choose, rather than something that simply happens to us. According to a Platonic dialogue, this concept arose after the original, powerful, and round race of humans were punished for climbing Mount Olympus. Diotima of Mantinea teaches Socrates about the true nature of this concept in that dialogue that imagines it as the desire for the other half. For 10 points, Plato’s dialogue Symposium discusses what concept, which Greeks variously called philia, agape (“ah-GAH-pay”), and eros?
ANSWER: love [accept eros, philia, or agape until read; accept All About Love: New Visions; prompt on friendship or synonyms]

A declared anti-cleric in this novel arrogantly decides to name his workplace Capharnaum after the site of some of Jesus’s miracles. This novel was the first “modern novel,” according to Mario Vargas Llosa’s book-length essay “The Perpetual Orgy.” A character in this novel writes an article that speculates its climactic event occurred from an accident while baking a cake. That character in this novel later receives the Legion of Honor for his speeches about the work of his colleagues. This was the first novel by its author that used numerous rewrites to find “Le mot juste” (“luh moh ZHOOST”). The title character of this novel throws her bridal bouquet into the fireplace after learning she is pregnant by her husband, who has a rivalry with the pharmacist Homais (“oh-MAY”). For 10 points, name this novel about a doctor’s wife by Gustave Flaubert.
ANSWER: Madame Bovary

At low temperature, this quantity equals its value at absolute zero times the expression “1 minus temperature over critical temperature raised to the three-halves power.” Between Bloch domains, this vector rotates continuously about the normal of the Bloch wall plane. The volume bound current density equals the curl of this quantity. This quantity is the order parameter of the Ising model, in which it spontaneously emerges as temperature is decreased in a phase transition. The H-field equals the B-field divided by the permeability of free space minus this quantity. When increasing the applied field no longer increases this quantity, a ferromagnet has become saturated. For 10 points, name this vector defined as the magnetic dipole moment per unit volume, the magnetic analog of electric polarization.
ANSWER: magnetization -0 Rohan Dalal -0 Yaj Jhajhria [accept magnetize or magnetized; accept magnetic polarization until “electric polarization” is read; prompt on magnetic dipole moment; prompt on M; reject “polarization”]

A person with this occupation has been speculated to have breast cancer and modeled for paintings such as Bathsheba at Her Bath by Rembrandt. A toppled glass of wine appears in another painting depicting a person with this occupation “asleep.” A person with this occupation stands underneath a stone tablet reading “For we must first descend if we wish to be raised” in two paintings by Pieter de Hooch. The Courtyard in the House of Delft depicts a person with this occupation, another of whom is depicted in a painting showing a foot warmer sitting by a wall tile adorned with Cupid. That painting shows a person with this occupation wearing a white headdress and pouring the title liquid from a jug. For 10 points, a person with what title occupation pours milk in a Vermeer painting?
ANSWER: maids [accept maidservants; accept milkmaids; accept The Milkmaid; accept servants]

This character is chided for being “sick of self-love” by his employer after criticizing another character as a “barren rascal.” This character muses “’Tis but fortune, all is fortune” in a scene where he attempts to decipher the line “M.O.A.I. doth sway my life.” In a dark room, this character is told that “there is no darkness but ignorance” by a fool who introduces himself as Sir Topas. This character reads a letter stating “Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon ’em.” That letter professes Olivia’s love for this character and requests him to appear wearing cross-gartered yellow stockings. This character is declared mad due to a scheme headed by Maria and Sir Toby. For 10 points, name this steward in Twelfth Night named for his bad temperament.
ANSWER: Malvolio +10 Beck Faletti

Zsuzsanna Gulácsi (“ZHOO-zhan-nah goo-LAH-chee”) is a specialist in Asian art of this religion. The three manuscripts in the Mogao (“MO-gao”) Caves of this religion’s texts include the Xiabuzan (“SHYAH-boo-dzan”), or “hymnscroll.” A syncretic form of this religion that survived in rural Fujian at sites like Cao’an (“tsow-ahn”) is sometimes called “mingjiao.” F. W. K. Müller deciphered a Central Asian script that he named for this religion that was discovered in manuscripts from Turfan. The Xuastvanift (“khwah-tvah-neeft”) is an Old Uyghur manuscript of a prayer in this official religion of the Uyghur Khaganate. This was the [emphasize] first religion whose followers were called “zandik” (“ZAHN-deek”) by Zoroastrians to denote heresy. Despite remaining Zoroastrian, Shapur I tolerated this religion in the Sassanid Empire and kept its founder as a member of his court. For 10 points, Augustine of Hippo initially followed, but later -0 Alan Fan argued against, what dualist Iranian religion?
ANSWER: Manichaeism (“man-ih-KEE-ism”) [or word forms like Manichaean; accept Monijiao (“mwo-nee-jyow”); accept Ā’īn-i Mānī; accept Mingjiao until read; reject “Mandaeism” or “Mandaean”]

An essay on this discipline opens by describing the author’s dispute with A. E. Housman about whether “exposition… is work for second-rate minds.” A work in this discipline by Aigner and Ziegler is titled for a practitioner’s claim that “you don’t have to believe in God, but you should believe in The Book.” In an essay on this discipline, the 62-year-old author calls it a “young man’s game” and praises its “uselessness.” George Andrews discovered the so-called “lost notebook” of a scholar of this discipline, who died at 32 after being brought to Cambridge by the author of an “Apology” for this discipline. Games in this discipline were the subject of a column by Martin Gardner. For 10 points, what academic discipline was studied by G. H. Hardy and Srinivasa Ramanujan?
ANSWER: mathematics [or maths; accept mathematical proofs; accept specific branches of mathematics such as number theory]

In a story by this author, the origins of a mysterious moving shadow and blueish sparks are explained in stories by the title very old woman. In another story by this author, a group of bakers turn against their favorite customer after she is seduced by a soldier. +10 Braden Booth A father only worries about the impact on his political prospects after his daughter’s suicide attempt in this author’s debut play The Philistines. In a play by this author, a character reading Fatal Love is hit on the head with a book and called a fool. An actor in that play by this author is inspired to seek help in a sanatorium but hangs himself when Luka disappears. For 10 points, name this author who followed the lives of a group living in a shelter near the Volga in The Lower Depths.
ANSWER: Maxim +10 Sasha Fillbrandt Gorky [or Alexei Maximovich Peshkov]

Two answers required. Neither are Florida, but a conflict between settlers from these two present-day states prompted George Henry Hoyt and James Montgomery to carry out retaliatory attacks in the other. Charles Jennison’s total war tactics forced Frank James away from a river that forms a border between these two states. In retaliation for an earlier raid on the pro-Confederate settlement in one of these states’ towns of Osceola, raids in the other of these states were carried out by William Quantrill. Lawrence was a center of Jayhawker activity in one of these states under threat of attack from pro-slavery Border Ruffians from the other of these states. For 10 points, name these two states, settlers from one of which’s capital of Jefferson City fought during its western neighbor’s “Bleeding” period.
ANSWER: Missouri AND Kansas

One of these proteins has an unusual N-terminal ADP/ATP binding pocket that is targeted by geldanamycin. Another class of these proteins binds RpL23, contains a PPIase (“P-P-I-ace”) “head” domain, and are called trigger factors. GrpE (“grip-E”) and J-domain proteins augment the ATPase activity of some of these proteins. One of these proteins dissociates from ATF6, PERK, and IRE1 in a response pathway that usually triggers ERAD (“E-rad”). That one of these proteins is BiP. The eukaryotic TRiC and the prokaryotic GroEL-GroES (“grow-E-L-grow-E-S”) complexes comprise the HSP60 family of these proteins, which are upregulated in response to heat shock. These proteins facilitate hydrophobic collapse, which allows their “clients” to achieve proper tertiary structures. For 10 points, name these proteins that mediate -0 Alan Fan folding of peptides.
ANSWER: molecular chaperones [accept chaperonins or Cpns or Cpn60; accept heat shock proteins or HSPs or HSP40 or HSP60 or HSP70 or HSP90 until “HSP60” is read; accept binding immunoglobulin protein or BiP until read; prompt on heat shock proteins after “HSP60 is read]

The dynamics explaining why exogenous policy can only affect this quantity in one direction are described as “pushing on a string.” Thomas Sargent and Neil Wallace outlined an “optimal rule” for this quantity through an ad hoc model with long-run neutrality. This quantity plus government bonds, divided by the price level, leads to increased consumption in the Pigou effect. This quantity should always be increased by a fixed percentage, per Milton Friedman’s k-percent rule. This quantity can be divided into M0 through M3, with the “zero-maturity” type measuring assets redeemable on demand. Reserve banks like the Fed control this quantity by buying or selling bonds to counter inflation. For 10 points, name this amount of circulating currency available in a market.
ANSWER: money supply [or monetary supply, monetary base, or money stock; prompt on money or liquidity]

A piece in this genre that modulates nearly every measure, titled “Carmina chromatico,” begins the cycle Prophetiae Sibyllarum. An essay partially titled for King Solomon’s Temple disputes Charles Warren’s claim that the 6-to-4-to-2-to-3 ratio employed by a piece in this genre reflects Brunelleschi’s dome for the Florence cathedral. The color (“KO-lor”) and talea make up the tenor line in a variant of this originally polytextual genre. Philippe de Vitry developed that isorhythmic variant of this genre, which is exemplified by Guillaume Du Fay’s Nuper Rosarum Flores. Eight choirs of five voices are needed to perform a piece in this genre by Thomas Tallis, titled Spem in Alum. For 10 points, Mozart’s Ave Verum Corpus is in what genre of Latin-language polyphony often contrasted with the madrigal?
ANSWER: motet [accept isorhythmic motet] (The second line refers to an essay by Craig Wright, who disproved Warren’s hypothesis about Nuper Rosarum Flores.)

A history of this location “in the age of Revolutions” by John Brewer details how visitors to it made use of landmarks like the Hermitage of Camaldoli. One of the three annual liquefactions of the blood of St. Januarius commemorates his supposed intervention in a 1631 event at this location. This was the more northerly of two locations about which William Hamilton wrote to the Royal Society. Thomas Cook and Son operated a cable railway at this location, the opening of which was commemorated in the song “Funiculì, Funiculà.” An event at this location destroyed eighty-eight B-25 Mitchell bombers during the Allied occupation of Naples, while a much earlier instance buried Herculaneum in pyroclastic flow. For 10 points, name this volcano whose eruption of 79 CE destroyed Pompeii.
ANSWER: Mount Vesuvius [or Vesuvio; prompt on Naples or Napoli until read; prompt on Pompeii until read]

A man observes that this character has “that gift still; to be; to exist” at an event where this character reunites with an old friend who repeatedly brags about her “five enormous boys.” That man wonders, “What is this terror? What is this ecstasy?” a moment before seeing this character and realizing “For there she was.” This character watches an old lady go to bed as the clock strikes three and feels a connection to a man who had been treated by the psychiatrist Sir William Bradshaw. The most exquisite moment of this character’s life occurs when a classmate at Bourton kisses her. Peter Walsh and Sally Seton gossip at a party hosted by this character on the same day as Septimus Smith’s suicide. For 10 points, name this title character who goes to “buy the flowers herself” in a Virginia Woolf novel.
ANSWER: Mrs. Dalloway [or Clarissa Dalloway; or Clarissa Dalloway]

In one conspiracy theory, this man’s movement was orchestrated by a British spy named Hempher who sought to destabilize the Ottoman Empire. This man’s brother refuted his beliefs in a treatise entitled “divine thunderbolts” and accused him of creating a sixth pillar of Islam. This man, who cut down the “most glorified of all the trees” in Uyayna, also allowed the stoning of a woman who had willingly confessed to repeated adultery. In the 18th century, the veneration of walis and their tombs was condemned as being shirk by this man, who leveled the shrine of Zayd ibn al-Khattab and promoted monotheism in his Book of Tawhid (“tao-HEED”). This man signed a pact with the Emir of Diriyah that emphasized a return to “pure Islam.” For 10 points, what Salafi revivalist names a fundamentalist movement that dictated official Saudi policy until 2022?
ANSWER: Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab [accept Wahhabism or Wahhabi]

Two student activists in this city were executed by guillotine after being caught distributing leaflets by a janitor. The Ceaușescu regime hired Carlos the Jackal to bomb the Radio Free Europe office in this city. A 1958 plane crash in this city killed eight Manchester United players. Georg Elser carried out a failed assassination attempt during the anniversary of an event that took place in this city, whose perpetrator had been sent to Landsberg Prison. The siblings Hans and Sophie Scholl were leaders of the White Rose anti-war movement in this city. Edvard Beneš resigned in protest of an act of appeasement issued in this city, where the Beer Hall Putsch had failed. For 10 points, name this Bavarian city, the site of an agreement that ceded the Sudetenland to Nazi Germany.
ANSWER: Munich [or München]

Jean-Baptiste Barrière created a program that performs this task by slowly interpolating between spectral envelopes. Assistants at a Parisian institute help technologically challenged residents perform this task in Miller Puckett’s programming language Max/MSP. Drawings on a tablet are interpreted by a computer in a system developed for this task called UPIC. A software used for this task, Dorico, gained popularity after an alternative was discontinued in 2024. Tristan Murail taught FFT-based analysis for use in this task at IRCAM. Pierre Schaeffer’s “concrete” approach to this task influenced avant-garde artists such as Iannis Xenakis (“YAH-nees ksen-AH-kees”), Kaija Saariaho (“KYE-uh sah-ree-AH-ho”), and Karlheinz Stockhausen. For 10 points, name this task that can be performed in notation software such as Sibelius.
ANSWER: music composition [or writing music or equivalents; accept creating musical scores or engraving]

A key step of the “SeSaM” version of this technique is strand cleavage at phosphorothioate (“phosphor-oh-thio-ate”) groups followed by amplification with TdT. The “insertional” form of this technique uses P-element or Sleeping Beauty transposons. One form of this technique transforms DUT and UDG deficient E. coli strains with M13 phagemids and was developed by Thomas Kunkel. Alanine scanning is a diagnostic form of this technique, which can be done randomly using ethyl nitrosoureas (“nitroso-ureas”). A form of this technique uses a variant of PCR with manganese ions instead of magnesium ones to coordinate “sloppy” Taq polymerases. Stratagene developed the “Quikchange” kit for the “site-directed” form of this technique. For 10 points, name this technique for introducing sequence changes into a target genome.
ANSWER: -0 Puna Ekka -0 Tommy Donelon +10 Yaj Jhajhria -0 Simarya Ahuja mutagenesis [accept saturation or insertional or random or site-directed mutagenesis; accept answers involving making mutations; accept error-prone PCR or epPCR until read; prompt on polymerase chain reaction or PCR until read by asking “what is that being used to accomplish?”; prompt on directed evolution by asking “what technique is used to drive that?”] (The first sentence refers to sequence saturation mutagenesis.)

A theory about an invasion of this culture from the north is supported by the distribution of coarse pottery called “Barbarian Ware.” Examples of this culture’s script can be found on stirrup jars as well as palm-leaf-shaped tablets. The Dendra panoply contains remnants of one of this culture’s boar-tusk helmets. A scene of three warriors fighting is depicted on a 3.4-centimeter agate seal found at the Griffin Warrior Tomb in one of this culture’s palaces. The walls of this culture’s city of Tiryns are an example of its Cyclopean masonry. Grave Circle A at this culture’s type site predates its “beehive tombs” and contains royal grave goods like the Mask of Agamemnon. For 10 points, name this Bronze Age Greek civilization that wrote in Linear B and overlapped with the Minoans.
ANSWER: Mycenae [or Myceanaen; +10 Tommy Donelon accept Mycenaean Greece]

A Fulbright grant funded psychologist David Ausubel’s research on discrimination against these people in the 1950s. In 1979, engineering students preparing for an offensive capping stunt were confronted by members of an activist group of this ethnicity whose name translates to “the Young Warriors.” Whina (“FEE-na”) Cooper led a 29-day march to protest the theft of land from these people by pākehā. These people were the subject of affirmative action policies during the government of Helen Clark, which were opposed by the National Party. Since 1975, a tribunal has investigated violations of an 1840 agreement by which these people allegedly ceded “sovereignty” to the Crown, the Treaty of Waitangi. For 10 points, name these Indigenous people who use the name Aotearoa for New Zealand.
ANSWER: Māori [prompt on Polynesians]

A housefire indirectly caused by this object claims the life of Phayllus’s mistress after it had been stolen from the Temple of Athena Pronaea in Delphi. It’s not a garment, but Callirhoe (“kuh-LIR-oh-ee”) demands that her husband retrieve this object, which possesses two golden ruby-eyed serpents and a four-winged golden eagle. Hyginus’s Fabulae instead attributes this object’s supernatural properties to a peplos gifted to its owner at the same time by Hera and Hephaestus. Amphiarus is persuaded to join the Seven Against Thebes after his wife, Eriphyle, is bribed with this object by Polynices, who had inherited it from Jocasta. Hephaestus gifts this object to the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite during her wedding to Cadmus, the founder of Thebes. For 10 points, what piece of accursed jewelry was owned by the goddess of concord?
ANSWER: necklace of Harmonia [accept the necklace of Eriphyle until read] (Phayllus’s mistress’s son goes mad and burns their house down.)

A painting from this movement depicts a couple in the background standing on a parapet while the title figure draws in front of a broken window. In a self-portrait, an artist from this movement “hesitates” between music and painting. A sword hangs on an armrest in a portrait from this movement, in which a clock’s arms can be seen pointing to 4:13 a.m. Chemical instruments sit on a red velvet cloth in a painting from this movement that depicted Antoine Lavoisier (“an-TWAHN luh-vwahz-YAY”) and his wife. The names “Carolus Magnus” and “Hannibal” appear on a rock in the foreground of a painting from this movement showing a leader pointing while atop a white horse. For 10 points, name this 18th-century art movement that included Angelica Kauffman and the artist of Napoleon Crossing the Alps, Jacques-Louis David.
ANSWER: neoclassicism [or word forms like neoclassical; reject “classical”] (The first painting is Portrait of Charlotte du Val d’Ognes by Marie-Denise Villers.)

This school used terms translating to “procession” and “return” to describe the consciousness turning back to understand its own existence. Thinkers in this philosophical school struggled with its founder’s claim that matter is “evil itself” but derived from a divine source. This school’s designation of the soul and the consciousness existing in “hypostasis” with supreme reality presaged a religion’s theological debates. A thinker in this school compiled his teacher’s work into the Six Enneads. Despite heavily influencing St. Augustine’s concepts of the logos, this school’s chief institution in Athens was shut down by Justinian I for its rejection of Christianity. For 10 points, name this school of philosophy whose proponents like Porphyry and Plotinus (“plo-TYE-nus”) revived ideas found in dialogues like Timaeus and Crito.
ANSWER: Neoplatonism [prompt on Platonism or the Platonic School]

In a novel by this author, projects like a school for circumcised children prevent the protagonist from stopping the growing influence of Kiama. In a novel by this author, villagers who travel to the capital to petition for help during a drought are unable to find anyone willing to help the sick child Joseph. This author detailed the failed attempt of Waiyaki to become a savior who unites two villages separated by a river. A fire mentioned at the beginning of one of this author’s novels is revealed to have been caused by a schoolteacher angry at seeing Karega enter and leave a brothel. At the climax of one of this author’s novels, Mugo steps forward to admit he was the one who betrayed the Mau Mau fighter Kihika. For 10 points, name this Kenyan author of A Grain of Wheat and Petals of Blood.
ANSWER: Ngugi wa Thiong’o (The novel is A River Between.)

When the owner of this location declines to walk his late spouse’s favorite spot in the gardens, the protagonist becomes suspicious that the owner murdered his wife. That protagonist is later scolded for those suspicions by her love interest, this location’s owner’s son. On the protagonist’s first night in this location, a black cabinet of mysterious papers frightens her, but they turn out to be laundry bills. The modern updates to this location disappoint the protagonist, who is teased with exaggerated Gothic details similar to The Mysteries of Udolpho on the ride from Bath. The protagonist is unceremoniously ordered to journey home alone from this place after John Thorpe lies about her poverty. For 10 points, Catherine Morland visits what titular home of the Tilneys in a Jane Austen novel?
ANSWER: Northanger Abbey

The attitude of a spectator is criticized in this poem because “life is not a spectator” and “a man screaming is not a dancing bear.” In a section of this poem, a group of “scum” are repeatedly described as “standing” in places like the cabin, the deck, and under the stars. The title location of this poem is described in one part as “pitted with smallpox” and “dynamited with alcohol.” The themes of this poem were later developed by its author into the essay Discourse on Colonialism, which attacked the humanist argument for colonialism. This poem opens with the narrator saying “beat it, …, you cop, you lousy pig” after the first statement of the refrain “at the end of daybreak.” For 10 points, name this book-length poem by Négritude poet Aimé Césaire that describes a “homecoming.”
ANSWER: Notebook -0 Vivian Fan of a Return to the Native Land [or Cahier d’un retour au pays natal; accept Return to My Native Land or Notebook of a Return to My Native Land or Journal of a Homecoming]

In one country, comedic performances on this holiday feature characters with names meaning “goat beard” and “bald-head.” A fortune-telling ritual on this holiday sees a poem mixed in with personal belongings in a boloni jug. In one religion, a monthly fast is ended by this holiday which is associated with the Most Great Name of God and is the first of the eleven holy days when no work is done. A Santa-like figure known as “Amu” or “Uncle” brings children gifts on this holiday, which is preceded by a spring-cleaning tradition dubbed “shaking the house.” Goldfish bowls and a germinated wheat pudding called samanu may be arranged upon haft-sin tables during this holiday, which is preceded by a day of bonfire jumping known as Chahārshanbe Suri (“cha-HAR-SHAHN-beh soo-REE”). For 10 points, name this Iranian New Year.
ANSWER: Nowruz [or Nowrouz or Novruz or Navruz or Nevruz; accept Baha’i Naw-Rúz; accept Amu Nowruz or Uncle Nowruz; prompt on Persian New Year or Iranian New Year until read]

The sensitivity of this technique is improved by employing CryoProbes with continuous liquid helium streams. The DISPEL method is applied during this technique to remove “satellites” shouldering primary signals. Chromium(III) acac (“ay-cack”) is used in this technique as a relaxation agent for more rapid scans. One type of this technique applies 45-, 90-, and 135-degree pulses on the sample to induce polarization transfer. Through-space interactions are probed by measuring the Overhauser effect in this technique, one form of which requires concentrated samples due to the low one percent abundance of a natural isotope. Proton decoupling generates singlet peaks with no +10 Drew Wetterlind splitting in this technique’s 13C variant. For 10 points, name this analytical technique that applies a magnetic field on a sample.
ANSWER: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy [or NMR spectroscopy; accept carbon NMR or carbon-13 NMR or 13C NMR; accept proton NMR or 1H NMR; accept 1-dimensional NMR or 2-dimensional NMR; accept nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy or NOE spectroscopy or NOESY until “Overhauser” is read; prompt on spectroscopy; prompt on pulsing or polarization transfer or DEPT until read by asking “what larger technique is that a part of?”]

A woman in this novel recounts a childhood memory of buying apricots with her friend when they could not afford entry to a visiting circus. At the start of this novel, a boy ignores instructions to wait in a store when his cat gets stuck up a telegraph pole. After his friend Amédée dies of appendicitis, a would-be law student in this novel has an affair with a married woman, whose husband kills them under a white mulberry tree. This novel’s protagonist is kind to the elderly, mystical animal lover Crazy Ivar. This novel’s two main siblings, who respectively fall in love with Marie Shabata and Carl Linstrum, are named Emil and Alexandra. For 10 points, a Nebraska farm is the setting of what novel about the Swedish-American Bergson family by Willa Cather?
ANSWER: O Pioneers!

Description acceptable. In death, a former member of this group became a daimon dubbed the “Hero of Temesa” who demanded annual maiden sacrifices until a lovesick Euthymus of Locri put an end to him. A member of this group hailing from Neritus retells the tale of Picus’ transformation and his encounter with the cannibal king, Antiphates (“ann-TIFF-uh-teez”), in the Metamorphoses. In the Aeneid, Anchises (“an-KYE-seez”) comforts a terrified member of this group who had been abandoned on Mt. Etna’s shores. Achamenides and Polites were two members of this group, which was pelted by boulders thrown by --5 Joel Miles the Laestrygonians (“less-strih-GO-nee-ins”). A storm sent by Zeus slaughters the remaining members of this group after they consume the cattle of Helios. For 10 points, Scylla kills six members of what group during a return voyage to Ithaca?
ANSWER: Odysseus’s crew [accept the crew from the Odyssey; accept answers indicating Odysseus’s army or navy or similar; accept answers indicating the Ithacan fleet or navy until “Ithaca” is read; accept answers indicating a return voyage to Ithaca]

The authenticity of an artifact created by this culture was called into question by the presence of a so-called “cootie glyph.” Thor Heyerdahl cited the presence of a figure known as “Uncle Sam” in this culture’s art as evidence that it had Nordic ancestry. A successor to this culture wrote in the Isthmian script. This culture’s art was the product of contact with Africa according to Ivan Van Sertima. This culture created “elongated man” figurines as well as a greenstone statue of a man holding a were-jaguar. This culture was the first to mix latex with morning-glory juice to create the rubber balls used in a ceremonial game. --5 Safiya Hasan Each of the ten monumental basalt sculptures left by this culture at San Lorenzo has a unique helmet. For 10 points, name this Mesoamerican culture that built colossal stone heads.
ANSWER: Olmec [or tenocelome; accept Epi-Olmec]

A 2018 exhibition titled “Beyond” this character showcased paintings such as The Haunted Wood. A man in a red cloak clasps this character’s hand in a painting showing this character tearing up flowers. The setting of one painting of this character was described as a “rascally wirefenced garden-rolled-nursery-maid’s paradise” by John Ruskin and originally featured a water vole. An artist painted The Hireling Shepherd while working next to another painter who depicted this character along the Hogsmill River. Poppies symbolizing death appear in that painting of this character, which inspired a later depiction by John William Waterhouse. Elizabeth Siddal became sick after sitting in a cold tub for a painting of this character. For 10 points, John Everett Millais (“MILL-ay”) painted what Shakespearean character floating in a river after her drowning?
ANSWER: Ophelia

The setup for CRDS consists of an analyte in one of these systems where intensity exponentially decays over the ringdown time. 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics winner Serge Haroche recreated Schrödinger’s cat by firing Rydberg atoms into one of these systems. RF signals are input and output into a pair of these systems called the catcher and buncher of a klystron tube. A high-finesse one of these systems that selectively transmits light composes a Fabry–Pérot interferometer. A prototypical model of a blackbody is as one of these systems with a small hole cut into it. A laser contains a resonant one of these systems formed out of two mirrors that surrounds its gain medium. For 10 points, name these physical systems consisting of a hollow space in which confined photons can bounce back and forth.
ANSWER: optical -0 Braxton Davis -0 Alan Fan cavities [or optical cavity; or cavity resonators; or resonant cavities; or optical resonators; prompt on waveguides; prompt on resonators by asking “what specific type of resonator?”; prompt on interferometers; prompt on Fabry–Pérot interferometers until read by asking “what sort of physical system is a Fabry–Pérot interferometer made of?”]

While this man was in prison, his best-known portrait, which depicts him with a feathered hat, was painted by George Catlin. This man was born from the marriage of Polly Coppinger and the British trader William Powell, and he was known by a name that comes from a ceremonial black drink. This man and his followers killed the agent Wiley Thompson outside of Fort King, leading to his absence at the concurrent Dade Massacre. Quartermaster General Thomas Jesup captured Micanopy and this man under a false white flag, after which he died in captivity of an abscess. This leader and his followers rejected the 1832 Treaty of Payne’s Landing during a conflict with the US government in Florida. For 10 points, name this leader of the Seminoles during the Second Seminole War.
ANSWER: Osceola [accept Vsse Yvholv or Asi-yahola; prompt on Billy Powell]

These animals are associated with vampiric beings that are born with two hearts, two souls, and two sets of teeth. In one tale, this animal saves Genghis Khan’s life by distracting his pursuers with its presence as he hides in a thicket. A princess of Lesbos named Nyctimene is transfigured into this animal after she is assaulted by her father. After he informed the world of the pomegranate seed’s consumption, Persephone used the Phlegethon’s waters to transform Ascalaphus into one of these animals. The striga and strix are associated with these animals, whose feathers adorn the headdress of Mictlantecuhtli (“MEEKT-lahn-TEH-quit-lee”). The flight of this animal over Themistocles’s navy heralded the Athenian victory at Salamis and the favor of a certain “grey-eyed” goddess. For 10 points, what nocturnal birds are symbols of Athena?
ANSWER: owls [or shar shuvuu; or glaux; or tecolote; accept screech owls; prompt on strix or striges until read; prompt on birds until read]

High values of this quantity characterize a category of incompatible elements called HFSEs. The dependence of solubility on this quantity explains the cerium and europium anomalies. It’s not concentration, but this quantity is lower for elements in rocks formed from a tholeiitic magma than a calc-alkaline magma. Whether an element with variable values for this quantity partitions into mineral or melt is constrained by the dependence of this quantity on oxygen fugacity. Distinct values of this quantity are held by the iron atoms in magnetite. Since this quantity of the most stable species of calcium and strontium are the same, they substitute each other in minerals. Ferric and ferrous iron differ in, for 10 points, what quantity, the number of electrons added or removed from an element?
ANSWER: oxidation -0 Yash Tiwari state [or oxidation number; or redox state; or valence; accept ionic charge; prompt on field strength by asking “high field strength is a consequence of high values of what quantity?”; prompt on oxygen fugacity until read by asking “fugacity controls the value of what quantity that elements take on?”; prompt on speciation; prompt on answers referring to whether an element is oxidized or reduced]

The last known member of an English family that claimed descent from this dynasty was a girl named Godscall. A cadet branch of this dynasty succeeded the House of Aleramici as rulers of Montferrat. A ruler from this dynasty agreed to papal primacy by signing the bull Laetentur Caeli, issued at the Council of Florence. Cardinal Bessarion raised a princess from this dynasty before her marriage to Ivan III of Moscow. The founder of this dynasty came to power by blinding John IV Laskaris, with whom he had been co-emperor of Nicaea. This dynasty’s founder Michael VIII ended the rule of the Latin Empire, while its last ruler was said to have turned to marble during a failed defense of his capital from Mehmed II. For 10 points, name this dynasty of Constantine XI, the last Byzantine emperor.
ANSWER: Palaiologos [or Palaiologoi; accept Palaeologue; accept Palaeologan]

Because he often wore them in photo shoots, this actor names the dial of an expensive model of Daytona Rolex watches. This actor spoke in New York at the first Earth Day in 1970 and co-founded the Safe Water Network. The series The Last Movie Stars chronicles this actor’s 50-year marriage to Joanne Woodward. Ponyboy describes having this actor and “a ride home” on his mind in the first sentence of The Outsiders. This actor reprised his role of Fast Eddie from The Hustler in Martin Scorsese’s The Color of Money. Pictures of this actor with the captions “all profits to charity” and “give it all away” appear on labels of a non-profit food brand he founded with his own recipe. For 10 points, what star of Cool Hand Luke starred opposite Robert Redford as Butch Cassidy and names a company known for its salad dressings?
ANSWER: Paul -0 Alan Fan +10 Braden Booth Newman [or Paul Leonard Newman; accept Newman’s Own]

A war between these two historic powers ended with one side’s victories at Aslanduz and Lankaran. The author of Woe from Wit was an ambassador of one of these powers to the other when he was killed for sheltering escaped Christian concubines. The southward motion of the border between these two powers from the Terek River to the Aras River ended with the Treaty of Turkmenchay. In a 1722–23 amphibious campaign, one of these powers captured from the other most of the south shore of a shared body of water, including the cities of Rasht, Tarki, and Derbent. One of these powers captured the Erivan and Nakhchivan Khanates from the other, partitioning the lands of the Azeri people. For 10 points, what two powers’ wars over the Caucasus began with Peter the Great launching the Caspian Flotilla against a collapsing Safavid Empire?
ANSWER: Persian +10 Braxton Davis AND Russian Empires [accept Iran or the Safavid Dynasty (until read) or the Qajar Dynasty in place of “Persia”; accept Tsardom of Russia or Tsardom of Moscow in place of “Russia”] (The author is Alexander Griboyedov.)

For a controlled operation, the value of this quantity applied to the second input is “kicked back” to the first input. Order-finding in Shor’s algorithm involves a subproblem in which this quantity of an eigenvalue is estimated to solve the task of finding an eigenvalue from the eigenstate of a unitary operator. The azimuthal angle on a Bloch sphere represents this quantity, which is shifted by rotations around its z-axis. The relative value of this quantity of a qubit is physically relevant unlike its global value, since the latter only contributes a factor of “the exponential of i theta” to the wave function that does not affect probability. If this quantity is the same for two waves, they are coherent and constructively interfere. For 10 points, name this quantity representing the angular shift at which a wave begins.
ANSWER: phase [or phase shift; accept quantum phase; accept global phase; accept relative phase; accept phase kickback; accept phase estimation]

The art of these people probably influenced the creation of funerary urns shaped like busts of women featuring large round headgear called rodete. Martial wrote epigrams about a dancer named Telethusa from a former colony of these people who may have worked in a tradition of sacred sex. Genetic studies have suggested that northern European mercenaries fought in a defeat of these people at the First Battle of Himera. An expedition of these people that encountered men they called “gorillas” began at their colony of Gades (“GAH-days”); that voyage was led by Hanno the +10 Alan Fan Navigator. An empire founded by these people expanded into Iberia after the Mercenary War under the leadership of Hamilcar Barca. For 10 points, what people of the ancient Near East founded Carthage?
ANSWER: Phoenicians [accept Punic; accept Carthaginians until “Carthage” is read; accept Tyreans]

A piece in this genre begins with the triplet motif “G, E, E” repeated in different octaves in one measure of 5/4, then a tranquillo melody in 4/4. In a piece in this genre, a 6/8 melody beginning “long A, A-sharp, G-sharp, F-sharp, E-sharp” is marked avec une céleste volupté. Nikolai Medtner’s fourteen pieces in this genre include “Night Wind.” A piece in this genre ends with a toccata in 7/8 time marked precipitato (“preh-chee-pee-TAH-toh”). A composer attempted to exorcise demons from his sixth piece in this genre by writing another that features the mystic chord. Sergei Prokofiev’s sixth, seventh, and eighth pieces in this genre express the horrors of World War II. Alexander Scriabin’s “White Mass” is a piece in this genre. For 10 points, Beethoven’s 32 pieces in what solo genre include the “Waldstein” and “Pathétique”?
ANSWER: piano sonata -0 Yaj Jhajhria [prompt on sonata]

This genus’s namesake surface anion channel increases host membrane permeability for isoleucine. Histidine-rich proteins produced by this genus are either knob or membrane associated, the latter of which stabilize Maurer’s clefts. Individuals with deletions in the glycophorin C gene are less susceptible to infections by this genus but often suffer from elliptocytosis instead. Members of this genus are targeted by a sesquiterpene (“sesqui-terpene”) lactone isolated from Artemisia herbs. Duffy binding proteins produced by this genus’s vivax and knowlesi (“NOLL-zee”) species target reticulocytes. Mutations in ABC transporter genes can confer quinine resistance to this genus’s falciparum species. For 10 points, name this protozoan genus harbored in the salivary glands of Anopheles mosquitoes, the causative agent of malaria.
ANSWER: Plasmodium

A character partly named for one of these objects inspired a tradition of poems including Richard the Redeless and the polemical Jack Upland. A poem partly titled for one of these objects inspired the title of a play featuring the priggish Mrs. Grundy by Thomas Morton. A character named for one of these objects appears after speeches by the Seven Deadly Sins in the fifth passus of a poem from the Alliterative Revival. David Mamet’s play about the movie producer Bobby Gould takes its title from a Middle English poem that asks God to “speed” one of these objects. A Christ-like character named for using this object is seen in dream visions by the narrator in a poem by William Langland. For 10 points, what sort of implement appears in the surname of the Middle English character Piers?
ANSWER: plow [or plough; accept “God Spede the Plough” or Piers Plowman]

An imprisoned character with this profession calls on the “ultima dea” in an Act IV aria, after which an offstage baritone sings the Marseillaise. That tenor with this profession criticizes people who don’t understand love or care for the poor in the aria “Un dì all’azzurro spazio” (“oon DEE ahl-LAHT-tsoor-oh SPAHTS-yo”), or “L’improvviso.” In an Act I aria, a man with this profession asks, “E come vivo? Vivo” (“EH KOH-meh vivo? vivo”) and calls himself a “millionaire in spirit.” A man with this profession is executed during the Reign of Terror in Umberto Giordano’s opera Andrea Chénier (“shen-YAY”). At the start of a verismo opera, a tenor with this profession burns a script to keep warm. A man with this profession sings the aria “Che gelida manina” (“keh JEH-lee-dah mah-NEE-nah”) to a woman who leaves him for a viscount before dying of consumption. For 10 -0 Alan Fan points, name this profession of Mimi’s lover Rodolfo in La Bohème.
ANSWER: poet [prompt on author or writer]

Mark Robinson showed gene expression data deviates from this distribution, which is accounted for using a different distribution in the DESeq2 (“D-E-seek-two”) package. The deviation of photon occupation number from this distribution is caused by antibunching. This distribution is the distribution of survivors in the null hypothesis of the Luria–Delbruck experiment. This distribution gives the molecular weight distribution produced by living polymerization. Both shot noise and the number of radioactive decay events from a slowly decaying source obey this distribution, which is followed by the event count of independent events with a constant mean rate. A single parameter lambda specifies both mean and variance in, for 10 points, what probability distribution named for a Frenchman? +10 Owen Arneson +10 Simarya Ahuja
ANSWER: Poisson distribution [accept Poissonian statistics; accept Poisson noise] (The first sentence refers to overdispersion in RNA-seq data and how DESeq2 accounts for it by fitting to a negative binomial distribution instead.)

Characteristic ratios can be compiled for these molecules using the rotational isomeric state model. Symmetric “Maltese cross” patterns can be observed under polarized light when these molecules form semicrystalline spherulites (“sfir-ROO-lites”). Solutions of these molecules are considered ideal when the Mark–Houwink exponent equals one half and the theta condition is reached. The interaction parameter chi (“kai”) is used to calculate free energies of mixing for solutions of these molecules in the Flory–Huggins model. Atactic examples of these molecules usually have lowered glass-transition temperatures. Epoxy resins are “cured” into the thermoset type of these molecules, which are alternatively formed by step-growth or chain-growth methods. For 10 points, name these molecules made of repeating monomers.
ANSWER: polymers [accept polymer solutions; accept thermosets until read; accept starch or polysaccharides; prompt on plastics or thermoplastics; prompt on macromolecules or macrostructures; prompt on saccharides; prompt on starch granules; prompt on spherulites until read; prompt on crystals or liquid crystals or crystalline state or crystal lattices until read by asking “what molecules are being crystallized?”]

A founder of this city who sailed to it from New York on the Madonna was referred to as “Captain Couch.” To combat excessive alcohol drinking during lunch breaks, bronze water fountains called Benson Bubblers were installed throughout this city. This city’s rapidly growing lumber industry resulted in its nickname “Stumptown.” This city was often called “The Clearing” by its early settlers until two major landowners, Francis Pettygrove and Asa Lovejoy, determined its name through a two-out-of-three coin toss. An unofficial World’s Fair hosted in this city, the 1905 Centennial Lewis and Clark Exposition, doubled this city’s population and a neighboring state’s city of Vancouver. For 10 points, what city on the Willamette River developed into the most populous in Oregon?
ANSWER: Portland, Oregon

As Enesidaon, this deity received offerings at the shrine of Eileithyia, the goddess of childbirth, at her cult center of Amnisos in Crete. This deity fathered a daughter whose name was unknown to the uninitiated with a bereaved goddess who later dressed in black. In Pylos, this chief deity of the city served as the consort and counterpart to the nature deity Potnia, who served as its wannasa. Despoina, an aspect of Persephone, was born to Demeter and this deity, whose Mycenaean association with the underworld predated Hades’s existence. +10 Jeffrey Xu It’s not Kronos, but the telkhines crafted a magical weapon for this father of Arion, whose chariot was drawn by hippocampi. Ajax the Lesser clung to a rock that was split in two by this god, echoing his role as the “earth-shaker.” For 10 points, name this father of horses, the god of the sea.
ANSWER: Poseidon [or Poseidawonos or Poseidaōn or Posidaōn]

Daily life during the construction of a city by a ruler of this name is recorded in documents left by Zenon of Kaunos. A ruler of this name was supported by the Gabiniani during a civil war following the death of his father, another ruler of this name with an epithet meaning “Flautist.” A ruler of this name reconquered territory that had been lost to the rebel Hogrunaphor after his predecessor of this name was defeated at the Battle of Raphia. A ruler of this name gathered seventy-two scholars to translate the Torah into Greek and commissioned a history of his kingdom from Manetho. The first ruler of this name built both a mausoleum for Alexander the Great and a lighthouse called the Pharos in his capital. For 10 points, give this name of fourteen rulers of the dynasty that ruled Hellenistic Egypt.
ANSWER: Ptolemy [or Ptolemaios]

This band’s singer repeats the line “you don’t owe me anything” on a song about closeted actor Montgomery Clift. 2025 budget cuts inspired this band to re-release their lead single, which repeats “Callin’ on in transit.” A song by this band references theories about faked deaths by asking a comedian “are you goofing on Elvis?” This band took the motto of Weaver D’s diner in Athens, Georgia for the title of their album Automatic for the People. This band pauses to shout “Leonard Bernstein” on a rapid fire verse that also name-drops “Leonid Brezhnev, Lenny Bruce and Lester Bangs.” A somber song by this band opens with the lyric “when your day is long.” On this band’s biggest hit, Michael Stipe sings “that’s me in the corner.” For 10 points, name this alternative band who recorded “Everybody Hurts” and “Losing My Religion.”
ANSWER: R.E.M.

Joseph Kosuth called this color “Wittgenstein’s” and claimed that it “can’t be described” in two works featuring text of this color. Josef Albers’s assertion of this color’s difficulty led to a series consisting of this color overlaid on grounds of newspaper and patterned fabrics by Robert Rauschenberg. A massive painting described as a “metaphysical thing” that primarily features this color and several white “zips” is entitled Vir Heroicus Sublimis. This is the first color named in Barnett Newman’s series asking “Who’s Afraid?” This color and white dominate opposite halves of 32 paintings of objects with peeled and torn labels such as “Vegetable Beef.” For 10 points, name this primary color depicted in Andy Warhol’s paintings of Campbell’s Soup Cans.
ANSWER: red +10 Drew Wetterlind [accept specific shades of red like vermillion]

Luminous novae named for having this property can be created when a star engulfs a planet or when two stars merge. Both the I (“eye”) band and a band quantifying this property are added to a common extension to the Johnson–Morgan system. The extent to which extinction from interstellar dust imparts this property is quantified by the excess of B-minus-V. Ionized H II (“H-two”) regions in other galaxies appear to have this property due to their strong H-alpha lines. Objects with this property have spectral type M, such as a class of dwarfs that are the most common type of main sequence star. This is the first property in the name of an evolutionary phase after the subgiant branch that ends with the helium flash. For 10 points, post-main-sequence stars expand to become giants with what color?
ANSWER: redness [accept luminous red novae; accept red dwarfs; accept red giants or Red Giant Branch; accept reddening; prompt on R or R band by asking “what does that stand for?”; prompt on color until read by asking “what specific color?”; reject “redshift” or “redshifted”]

A fully degenerate, adiabatic gas with this property is modeled by the polytrope n equals three. The energy density of a universe of particles with this property scales with scale factor to the negative fourth. Degenerate electrons with this property have pressure proportional to density to the four-thirds, which occurs near the Chandrasekhar limit. For the first 50,000 years after the Big Bang, the universe was dominated by particles with this property. Hot dark matter consists of particles that had this property in the early universe, like neutrinos. An alternate name for astrophysical jets indicates that they have this property, corresponding to a Lorentz factor larger than one. For 10 points, name this property of particles that cannot be described with classical mechanics, since their velocity is near the speed of light.
ANSWER: relativistic particles [or ultra-relativistic particles; accept relativistic jets; accept answers referring to particles that must be described with special relativity; accept answers referring to particles traveling near or at the speed of light or c until “speed of light” is read; prompt on non-classical; prompt on massless or nearly massless by asking “what other property do massless particles have?”; prompt on radiation by asking “when we say radiation in this context, we’re actually more generally talking about all particles with what property?”]

The first white person to receive the death penalty in this country, Mariette Bosch, was nicknamed this country’s “White Mischief” for murdering her husband’s lover. In 1988, an Angolan military jet mistakenly shot a plane containing this country’s president Quett Masire (“mah-SEE-ray”). The Malan government threatened to cut off uranium supplies to the UK in an unsuccessful attempt to block the interracial marriage of Englishwoman Ruth Williams to this country’s first president, Sir Seretse (“seh-RET-say”) Khama. This country’s Orapa diamond mine, opened in 1971, is now the largest in the world. This country has been the oldest continuous multiparty democracy in Africa since receiving independence as Bechuanaland. For 10 points, what country led from Gaborone (“gab-oh-RO-nee”) is directly north of South Africa?
ANSWER: Republic of Botswana [or Lefatshe la Botswana]

While visiting a tomb after a long boat trip, this character ponders what to eat for lunch while imagining an old woman watching over the body of her grandson. The odes written by this character were first published in the short-lived Athena magazine and were compared to Horace’s in a fake review. In a novel, this character is described as constantly carrying and reading a copy of the fictional book The God of the Labyrinth. This character confesses his relationship struggles with Lydia and Marcendo during one of his periodic conversations with his creator. In that novel, this character dies by following his creator into the grave to the “other” Lisbon. For 10 points, what heteronym of Fernando Pessoa is the subject of a novel by José Saramago titled for the year of his death?
ANSWER: Ricardo +10 Joel Miles +10 Braden Booth +10 Sasha Fillbrandt Reis [prompt on Fernando Pessoa until read]

A wooden plank retrieved by one of these creatures is adorned with Judas’s future thirty pieces of silver and later transforms the Queen of Sheba’s goat hoof into a human foot as per the Arabic translation of the Kebra Negast. Kublai Khan may have mistaken raffia palm fronds as parts of these creatures, one of which was allegedly mistaken for a mountain by Ibn Battuta. A necromancer tricks Aladdin into requesting that an object belonging to this “liege lady” of the genies be hung from his dome. After his ship is destroyed by this type of creature, a man finds himself beset upon by an old man who wraps his legs around his head and refuses to let go. In one text, merchants roll meat into a “valley of diamonds” before raiding the nests of these creatures. For 10 points, name these enormous birds encountered by Sinbad in the Arabian Nights.
ANSWER: +10 Safiya Hasan roc [or rukh or rokh; prompt on birds until read]

In a story by this author, a depressed adult still dreams about a dark hill road he walked down when he was eight after hanging out at the minecarts. In a story by this author, a character believes that he can still see the perfect painting of a mountain in his head despite being disappointed by the sight of the supposed real painting. A novel by this author imagines a society that worships Lifeism and gives fetuses the option to be born or not. A story by this author is presented as a sequence of testimonies to the High Police Commissioner, with the last presented by a medium. An old woman robs the hair from corpses to make wigs and has her clothes robbed by a young man sheltering from the rain in a story by this author. For 10 points, name this author of “In a Grove” and “Rashomon.”
ANSWER: Ryunosuke Akutagawa

The title character of a novel by this author hallucinates a son appearing in the backseat of his Chevrolet Cruze and names him “Sancho.” This author wrote about the agents Chekhov and Zulu in a story collection that also describes a man’s descent into insanity after finding the title “Prophet’s Hair.” In a novel by this author, Sam DuChamp creates the character Ismail Smile, who adopts the title persona to woo Salma R. A character in a novel by this author acts as a dog for a military unit, but guides them into the Sundarbans. In that novel by this author, the protagonist is helped by Parvati-the-Witch before the destruction of a slum and his subsequent capture by the government of the Widow, a representation of Indira Gandhi. For 10 points, name this author who described Saleem Sinai in Midnight’s Children.
ANSWER: Salman Rushdie [accept Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie]

The service of a World War I brigade from this region was depicted in the novel One Year on the High Plateau. A nationalist from this region died on hunger strike after attempting to establish the Republic of Malu Entu. Echoing a medieval revolt elsewhere, a rebellion in this region used the word “chickpea” as a shibboleth. This region’s Stamenti parliament was marginalized after the Perfect Fusion created a unitary kingdom. This island was part of a kingdom governed by the Statuto Albertino, whose prime minister resigned in protest of the Armistice of Villafranca. The Count of Cavour served this island’s king Victor Emmanuel II, in whose name Giuseppe Garibaldi conquered Sicily. For 10 points, the Kingdom of Italy emerged from a kingdom named for Piedmont and what island?
ANSWER: Sardinia [or Sardegna; or Sardigna]

A performance piece named for a “Singing” one of these objects involved the repeated playing of the music hall song “Underneath the Arches.” One of these objects is shown in a pair of moonlit photos subtitled “The Open Sky—11 P. M.” and “The Silhouette—4 A. M.” by Edward Steichen. Henri Cartier-Bresson photographed a blurry artist walking between two of these objects and holding another of them. The artistic duo Gilbert & George call their works “living” examples of these objects. Works like Floor Burger by Claes Oldenburg are called “soft” examples of these objects. A type of “park” or “garden” named for housing these objects includes Storm King and one outside the Hirshhorn Museum. For 10 points, what type of artwork includes The Burghers of Calais and The Thinker?
ANSWER: sculptures [accept living sculptures or The Singing Sculpture; accept statues or monuments; accept specific types of sculpture such as bronze sculptures; prompt on artworks until read]

It’s not a flag, but one of these objects found at the Topkapi palace may be a forgery because of the word order “God, apostle, Muhammad” instead of “Muhammad, apostle, God.” During the end times, a creature that emerges from the hills of Safa carrying the staff of Musa and one of these objects will use it to mark the noses of disbelievers. Muhammad describes himself as a missing house brick in a hadith that references his title as this type of object. The Beast of the Earth will carry one of these objects that Solomon had once used to command the djinn. +10 Sasha Fillbrandt A phrase referring to Muhammad as this type of object “of the Prophets” references his status as the last of them. For 10 points, many Muslims used carnelians to set what objects used to impress a wax emblem into --5 Kevin Wang official correspondences?
ANSWER: seals [accept signet rings until read; accept Seal of the Prophets; accept Seal of Muhammad; accept muqwaki; prompt on jewelry; prompt on letters] (The Seal of Muhammad is the symbol seen on ISIS flags.)

Alan Mikhail’s “revisionist” history about this ruler is named for his adopted title of “God’s Shadow.” This ruler sent a fleet to defeat the first Portuguese siege of Jeddah. This ruler had an enemy ruler hanged on the Bab Zuwayla after the Battle of Ridaniya, concluding a campaign that started with the conquest of the Levant at Marj Dabiq. The Kurdish leader Idris Bitlisi aided this ruler in the first state persecution of Alevi Muslims. Al-Mutawakkil III apocryphally gave the title of caliph to this man after he took control of the three holiest cities of Islam by conquering the Mamluk Sultanate. This ruler sacked Tabriz after using modern gunpowder weapons in the Battle of Chaldiran to defeat Qizilbash cavalry led by Ismail I, the first Safavid Shah. For 10 points, what Ottoman sultan, father to Suleiman, had the epithet “the Grim”?
ANSWER: Selim I -0 Joel Miles [accept Yavuz Selim or Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute]

A revolt against a regency headed by a member of this family began when the villagers of Sampford Courtenay objected to a new prayer book. “Fat quails” were sourced from Calais to satisfy the pregnancy cravings of a member of this family. Another member of this family scandalously married the widowed queen Catherine Parr. A woman from this family was the mother of a ruler whose reign saw Robert Kett’s anti-enclosure revolt in Norfolk. That member of this family was depicted meeting her future husband at this family’s seat of Wulfhall in a novel by Hilary Mantel. A queen from this family died shortly after the birth of the future Edward VI and got engaged a day after the execution of her predecessor, Anne Boleyn. For 10 points, name this family of Henry VIII’s third wife, Jane.
ANSWER: Seymour [accept Jane -0 Safiya Hasan +10 Sasha Fillbrandt Seymour; accept Edward Seymour; accept Thomas Seymour]

A lay preacher in this play is described as giving a talk on the theme of “Going Home” at the funeral of Outa Jacob. At the opening of this play, a man reading a newspaper bitterly recalls his time working at a Ford car plant. A character in this play recalls being surprised at being called “Mister” while he was getting drinks at Sky’s place. In this play, a scene where a man dictates a letter to his wife flashes back in time to an incident that occurred after he got the “wrong” stamp in his passbook. The main character of this play gives his name as Robert Zwelinzima after showing up to Styles’s studio for an ID photo. For 10 points, the title character fakes his own death in what play by Athol Fugard?
ANSWER: Sizwe -0 Owen Arneson -0 Sasha Fillbrandt Banzi is Dead

A rebellious type of “act” named for these places is the focus of a 2022 book by Veena Das. A portmanteau merging these places with an occupation is often applied to Peter Rachman, who inspired the term “Rachmanism.” A book about one of these places chronicles a garbage sorter accused of arson and is titled for a tile ad on an airport wall. The growth of these places is the subject of a Mike Davis book titled for a “Planet of” them. One of these places called Annawadi is the focus of Katherine Boo’s Behind the Beautiful Forevers. Dharavi, the largest of these places, is a setting of Vikas Swarup’s novel Q & A, which Danny Boyle adapted into a movie partly titled for these places about a poor game show contestant. For 10 points, favelas exemplify what poor, densely populated urban areas?
ANSWER: slums [accept Slum Acts or slumlords or Slumdog Millionaire; accept undercity or undercities; prompt on city or cities or urban areas or neighborhoods] (Rachman is a widely-cited slumlord.)

A mass withdrawal of funds from this organization’s bank accounts is depicted in the film 80 Million. Lane Kirkland oversaw an operation smuggling supplies to this organization through its office in Brussels. Activists graffitied dwarves in one city as part of a social movement that helped broaden this organization’s popular appeal, the Orange Alternative. This organization’s leader signed the August Agreements with a pen depicting Pope John Paul II, whose 1979 visit to this organization’s country galvanized its creation. This +10 Sasha Fillbrandt organization participated in the Round Table Talks eight years after being banned following a strike at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk. For 10 points, name this trade union whose leader Lech Wałęsa (“lekh va-WEN-sa”) was elected President of Poland in 1990.
ANSWER: Solidarity [or Solidarność; or Independent Self-Governing Trade Union “Solidarity”; accept NSZZ “Solidarność”]

A musician with this first name recorded “Blazin’” and “Nice Work If You Can Get It” on an album titled for his “Bits.” This first name partially titles a 12-bar blues whose melody begins by walking down a B-flat minor pentatonic scale. This first name punningly titles an album by Dizzy Gillespie and two saxophonists who shared it. A Charlie-Parker-influenced alto player with this first name who later became a hard bop tenor player had the surname Stitt. A musician with this first name wrote the rhythm changes standard “Oleo,” a song whose title is “Nigeria” backwards, and a standard based on a Bahamian folk song. That musician with this first name recorded “Blue Seven” and “St. Thomas” on the album Saxophone Colossus. For +10 Drew Wetterlind 10 points, give this first name of the tenor saxophonist Rollins.
ANSWER: Sonny [accept Sonny Stitt; accept Sonny Rollins; accept “Sonnymoon for Two”; accept Sonny Side Up; prompt on Edward Hammond Boatner Jr. or Walter Theodore Rollins by asking “what name did they perform under?”]

A poem claims that everything “parts away for the progress of” this concept and calls happiness the “efflux” of this concept. The speaker ends another poem by telling “dumb, beautiful ministers” that “you furnish your parts toward” this concept. This concept’s “gossamer thread” is likened to that of an animal in the second stanza of “A Noiseless Patient Spider.” “All things” are said to please this concept in “I Sing the Body Electric,” which ends by equating a catalogue of items to this concept. The speaker claims to “loafe and invite” this concept in “Song of Myself.” Another poem claims that this concept “shuts the Door to her divine Majority” and “selects her own Society.” For 10 points, Emily Dickinson wrote that “hope is the thing with feathers that perches in” what concept?
ANSWER: soul (The first two lines are from “Song of the Open Road” and “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry.”)

They aren’t gods, but jackal and falcon-headed statues of two of these things are depicted beating their chest with a closed fist in the henu pose; those things are named for the cities of Pe and Nekhen. Archaeologists working in Rifeh uncovered various clay model houses named for these things that served as offering trays. Statuettes representing these things peer out of holes chiseled into the outer wall of a serdab. In a mastaba, false doors were used by these things, whose various components included the shut, or shadow, and the akh. The 42 Negative Confessions are recited by these things in the Duat, where their heart is measured against the feather of Maat on a set of scales overseen by Anubis. For 10 points, the ka and ba comprise portions of what entity that enters the Egyptian underworld upon death?
ANSWER: soul [accept ka or ba until read; prompt on akh or shut until read by asking “what does it comprise a portion of?”; prompt on ancestral spirits; prompt on the deceased or the dead]

The titular daughter of King Arthur travels east to retrieve one of these objects from Saladin to save her husband in the Irish romance, the Adventures of Orlando and Melora. The one-handed warrior Bedwyr used one of these objects that could draw “blood from the wind” when split in two and impart nine times the damage. An object of this type that bled “without the presence of flesh” is the first object seen by Perceval during a procession that includes a candelabra, a chalice, and a silver platter. Sir Balin uses this type of object to deliver the Dolorous Strike to the Fisher King’s haunches, creating the Wasteland. St. Longinus utilizes this type of object to create the last of the Five Holy Wounds. For 10 points, what object “of Destiny” spills blood and water from Christ’s side?
ANSWER: spears [or lances; accept gáe; accept lancea; accept the Bleeding Lance; accept the Holy Lance or the Spear of Destiny]

These structures are classified as alete if their surfaces lack laesura or ridge lines. Buildup of Buller’s drops accompanies the release of these structures in a “surface tension catapult” mechanism. These structures are concentrated in strobili by Equisetum. Blastic and thallic processes produce a non-motile type of these structures called conidia. Columella support “vessels” enclosing these structures, which are singular and unbranched in bryophytes. A haploid gametophyte phase contrasts with a diploid phase that produces these structures in alternation of generations. Puffballs have fruiting bodies --5 Tommy Donelon that burst to release these structures, which are formed in gills beneath the cap. For 10 points, name these reproductive structures that, unlike seeds, are dispersed as unicellular units.
ANSWER: spores +10 Dominik Polley [accept sporangium or sporangia; accept microspores or microsporangium or microsporangia; accept megaspores or megasporangium or microsporangia; accept sporophytes or sporophyte phase; accept sporeling; accept chlamydospores; accept conidium or conidia or conidiospores until read; prompt on fruiting bodies until read by asking “what is the core reproductive structure in them?”; reject “endospores”]

After refusing to lend money to a character in this play to escape to America, Mrs. Gabor writes a letter trying to convince him that he isn’t a failure. The mother of one character in this play disapproves of a boy reading Faust because she believes that it should not be read before adulthood. After arguing over the length of her skirt, a girl in this play asks her mother if it is sinful to think about death. The “Masked Man” rescues a character in this play before his friend’s headless ghost convinces him to follow him into the afterlife. A letter written by Melchior is used to blame him for Moritz’ suicide in this play, which was adapted into a musical by Steven Sater and Duncan Sheik. For 10 points, Wendla and her classmates struggle with their adolescent sexuality in what play by Frank Wedekind?
ANSWER: Spring -0 Braden Booth Awakening [or Frühlings Erwachen]

A derivative of one of these compounds contains additional dimethyl amino and acetate groups and is sold as ellaOne. Russell E. Marker synthesized one of these compounds by degrading diosgenin. The “suppression” of one of these compounds is measured in a test in which patients ingest a pill containing dexamethasone the night before. A natural precursor to one of these compounds is formed by four concerted cationic cyclization reactions from squalene epoxide. Premarin is a conjugated equine type of these compounds that is sulfated on the A ring of their ABCD classification system. The adrenal cortex produces a class of these compounds prefixed by “mineral” and “gluco.” For 10 points, name these lipids with four fused rings, the skeleton of most sex hormones.
ANSWER: steroids [accept +10 George Matsumura steroid hormones; accept sterols or cholesterol or lanosterol or 24-dehydrocholesterol; accept sex hormones until read; accept progesterone or estrogen or estradiol; accept Premarin until read; accept conjugated estrogens or CEs or conjugated equine estrogens or CEEs; accept cortisol or corticoids or mineralocorticoids or glucocorticoids or corticosteroids; accept dexamethasone until read; prompt on hormones; prompt on lipids or fats; prompt on terpenes or terpenoids or isoprenoids; prompt on combined oral contraceptives or emergency contraception or birth control pills by asking “what class of compounds are active?”; reject “phospholipids”] (The first sentence refers to ulipristal acetate.)

To address a problem often named for this kind of object, James Ross argues that it fails to consider a possible “state of affairs,” while Alvin Plantinga considers a being called “McEar” who can only scratch his ear. A passage involving one of these objects in a biography by James Boswell names a logical fallacy of claiming an argument is absurd without further reasoning. Thomas Aquinas used logical impossibility for a solution to a paradox named for these objects that concerned God’s omnipotence. A work of existentialism claims that pauses between a man’s use of one of these objects makes him “superior to his fate” and that, during his pauses, we must “imagine him happy.” For 10 points, an Albert Camus work described the absurdity of Sisyphus pushing what kind of object up a mountain?
ANSWER: stone [or boulder or rock; accept appeal to the stone; accept the Paradox of the Stone]

In this country, nonviolent, pro-democracy protestors chanted the slogan Silmiya, meaning “peaceful,” while orchestrating sit-ins and rallies in the face of violent repression. A coup in this country that overthrew the Hamdok government violated a power-sharing agreement made between the FFC and TMC. Over 400 doctors and patients were massacred in a Saudi-funded maternity hospital in this country in El Fasher. General Hemedti’s Rapid Support Forces have utilized their access to lucrative gold reserves in this country to obtain UAE support against the rival SAF. In 2019, pro-democracy protests triggered a military coup that ousted this country’s longtime dictator Omar al-Bashir. For 10 points, former members of the Janjaweed milita are orchestrating yet another genocide in what country’s region of Darfur?
ANSWER: Sudan [or Republic of the Sudan; or As-Sudan or Jumhuriyat as-Sudan; reject “South Sudan”]

This movement titles a “Cross” with a hazy blue background painted by Ilya Chashnik. A magazine dedicated to this movement was originally titled Nul. This movement’s founder was influenced by working on the set design of an opera in an [emphasize] earlier movement whose libretto was written in the “zaum” language. A painting from this movement gained notoriety for being displayed at the top corner of an exhibition room. This movement premiered at an event advertised as the end of Cubo-Futurism, named the 0,10 Exhibition. This movement partially titles a “Composition” consisting of a white square laid over a white background by this movement’s founder, who also painted Black Square. For 10 points, what geometric art movement opposed Constructivism and was founded by Kazimir Malevich?
ANSWER: -0 Alan Fan Suprematism [or Suprematist movement or Supremus]

The constellation Capricorn, or makara, names an auspicious day dedicated primarily to this deity that Gujaratis celebrate with thousands of flying kites. This god and his sister are honored by the ritual of kosi bharai, in which women weave small mandapas composed of seven pieces of sugarcane as part of the four-day-long festivities of Chhath Puja. This god’s jayanti is celebrated on the seventh day of the bright half of Magha, which marks the day he turns north with his spoked chariot drawn by seven horses. That chariot of this god inspired the design of an ancient temple located in the town of Konark. Tamils celebrate this deity by boiling rice with milk during the festival of Pongal. Both Yama and Yamuna were born to this god and his wife, Chhaya. For 10 points, name this Hindu god of the sun.
ANSWER: +10 Puna Ekka +10 Simarya Ahuja Surya [or Ravi or Vaivasvat or Bhāskara or Savitṛ or Aditya]

Each painting in Eric Fischl’s gallery Late America is set near these places, which another artist depicted using pulp in a set of “paper” types of these places. A late cutout work by Henri Matisse installed in his dining room titled for one of these places depicts a series of blue figures on white paper. Masking tape was used to create straight lines in another painting of these places, whose title figure was based on a Polaroid of a man standing against an MG car. A man in a pink jacket inspired by the artist’s lover Peter Schlesinger looks down at one of these places in the painting Portrait of an Artist. A house, an empty director’s chair, and two palm trees appear by one of these places in a 1973 painting by the artist of Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy. For 10 points, name this type of place depicted in David Hockney’s A Bigger Splash.
ANSWER: swimming pool

A work promoting this movement includes a mock drama in which “Erato” defends this movement against the detractor Theodore de Banville. “The Peacocks” author Gustave Kahn co-founded a periodical for publishing works from this movement. A foundational poem for this movement opens by describing nature as a temple with “living pillars” and man wandering a forest of this movement’s central objects. The influence of synesthesia on this movement is reflected in a poem in which each vowel is associated with a specific color. Jean Moréas’s (“mo-ray-OSS’s”) manifesto for this movement champions a poet who opened a collection with an address to the “hypocrite” reader. For 10 points, the Decadent movement is contrasted with what French movement that grew from the publication of Les Fleurs du Mal?
ANSWER: Symbolism

The Shield system classifies a diseased form of these structures caused by a defective sialophosphoprotein (“sialo-phospho-protein”) named after one of its substructures. A hypoplasia of these structures is associated with stunted Retzius stria due to reduced ameloblast (“uh-MEL-oh-blast”) activity. A part of these structures is capped by materials like zinc oxide eugenol and mineral trioxide aggregates. Defects in the epithelial rests of Malassez can cause masses to form in these structures’ cementum layer. These structures are damaged by Streptococcus mutans biofilms that secrete dextran and lactic acid. These structures can be repaired using +10 Beck Faletti nano-hydroxyapatite therapy. Epoxy-bound gutta-percha is used to fill these structures’ pulp chambers. For 10 points, name these structures that are disinfected in root canal treatments.
ANSWER: teeth [or tooth; accept incisors or canines or molars or premolars; accept specific parts of the teeth like cementum or dentine or enamel or pulp until read; accept tooth cavities or tooth caries; accept pulp chambers until read]

Measurements of this quantity are interpolated using 9-, 12-, and 15-degree polynomials in a calibration standard defined by 14 fixed points. This quantity is determined precisely from a platinum wire enclosed in a quartz or ceramic sheath calibrated to the ITS-90 standard. A mixture of chromel and constantan is used to determine this quantity using electrical resistivity. This quantity is inferred from the curvature of a bimetallic strip. In 2019, the SI unit for this quantity was redefined in terms of Boltzmann’s constant. The spectrum of blackbody emission depends only on this quantity. The zeroth law of thermodynamics provides the theoretical justification for devices that measure this quantity consisting of ethanol in a glass bulb. For 10 points, name this quantity measured in kelvins.
ANSWER: temperature [accept absolute temperature; prompt on T] (The first sentence refers to calibration of temperature in ITS-90. The second clue refers to a standard platinum resistance thermometer.)

To protest this event, Don Nelson conspicuously wore a pair of Nike shoes while accepting an award. Three men angry over this event carried a light blue coffin to a mock funeral in Victory Park. In his first game after this event, a player involved shouted to the crowd “I’m here!” before injuring his left abductor. Theories claiming this event intentionally caused harm connected it to the Adelson-Dumont family buying land in Las Vegas. Shams Charania’s midnight announcement of this event assured readers “yes, this is real” before listing names like Max Christie. Nico Harrison claimed “defense wins championships” to justify this event less than a year after a central player had led the Mavericks to the NBA Finals. For 10 points, name this event that shockingly sent a Slovenian point guard to the Los Angeles Lakers.
ANSWER: the Luka Dončić trade to the Lakers [accept the Luka Dončić–Anthony Davis trade; accept the Luka trade to Los Angeles; accept the trade of Luka Dončić to the Los Angeles Lakers; accept the trade of Anthony Davis to Dallas; accept the trade of Anthony Davis to the Mavericks until “Mavericks” is read; prompt on the Anthony Davis trade]

Candles are snuffed out for this place in a poem whose speaker despairs how cupping this place leaves a message that cannot be sent. Changes to this place are compared to “sorrow, joy, separation and reunion” in a poem that was written while the poet was drinking and thinking about his brother. A question about this place opens that “water melody,” which was written in a style meant to be sung. In another poem, a woman stares at this place while waiting on the jade steps. In one poem, this place makes friends with the speaker and his shadow while they sing and dance together. After looking at this place, the speaker bows his head and thinks of his homeland in the poem “Quiet Night Thoughts.” For 10 points, according to legend, Li Bai died trying to embrace the reflection of what place?
ANSWER: the moon

The protagonist of a novel from this country is convinced by his “double” Dorbeck to follow a sequence of orders supposedly for the “resistance.” Quentin never learns that Max was potentially his real father rather than Onno in a novel from this country whose last section is titled “The End of the End.” That novel from this country describes an angel manipulating events on earth to get Quentin to return the Ten Commandments to heaven. A novel that opens “I am a coffee maker” led to this country’s “Ethical Policy,” leading a later author to praise that novel as “the book that killed colonialism.” An NRC poll voted Harry Mulisch’s The Discovery of Heaven as the most popular novel from this country. For 10 points, name this country where life in a secret “annex” was described by Anne Frank.
ANSWER: The Netherlands [accept Holland; accept Kingdom of the Netherlands or Koninkrijk der Nederlande]

In this play’s prologue, Lady Wormwood burns the papers after reading a gossipy headline about herself. In this play, the servant Trip tries to negotiate a loan from a guest, causing another guest to declare that the house must be “the Temple of Dissipation indeed!” In this play, a character dismisses his benefactor as having only given negligible presents such as shawls, tea, and “Indian crackers.” Another character in this play refuses to sell one family portrait, secretly impressing his uncle, the portrait’s subject, who is disguised as Mr. Premium. Charles and Maria marry at the end of this play with Sir Peter Teazle’s blessings despite Joseph Surface and Lady Sneerwell’s plot to alienate the couple. For 10 points, name this play about the title group of gossipers by Richard Brinsley Sheridan.
ANSWER: The School -0 Lucas Barnes -0 Joel Miles +10 Annika Larson -0 Carson Kessler for Scandal

Cylindrical structures used for this purpose only properly function if their radius exceeds a critical radius equal to k over h. Structures like junctions act as “bridges” that impede this purpose by having high psi-value. This purpose is the primary reason why a certain material may be “double-glazed” or “low e.” Materials used for this purpose are rated by their R-value, which is additive for materials layers stacked on top of each other. Materials used for this purpose are formed by spinning them like cotton candy to create large pockets that trap air. The component of the building envelope used for this purpose is typically assessed for using an infrared camera. For 10 points, fiberglass wool is used in buildings for what purpose due to its low thermal conductivity?
ANSWER: thermal insulation [or building insulation; or word forms like thermal insulators; accept answers referring to retaining heat or preventing heat loss; prompt on answers referring to being energy efficient or minimizing energy usage or expenditure by asking “by performing what specific function?”; prompt on answers referring to reducing the amount of heating or air conditioning or HVAC necessary by asking “by performing what specific function?”; prompt on answers referring to temperature control or maintaining the temperature by asking “by doing what?”; prompt on efficiency; reject “heating” or answers referring to producing or providing or generating heat; reject answers specifying electrical insulation]

A specific form of this process that occurs for about a day maintains a state of quasi-equilibrium but not true statistical equilibrium. This process defines a stellar timescale whose numerator has a 0.007 coefficient, and is around 10-to-the-4th that of the Kelvin–Helmholtz timescale. Different mechanisms for this physical process have temperature dependencies of T-to-the-17 and T-to-the-41. In the Gamow window, this process is enhanced by quantum tunneling through the Coulomb barrier. This process progressively begins in increasingly outward shells, forming an onion-like structure, during evolution of massive stars. This process occurs to hydrogen through the CNO cycle --5 Rohan Dalal and the proton–proton chain. For 10 points, name this process that powers stars, in which two nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus.
ANSWER: thermonuclear fusion [accept nucleosynthesis; accept burning or answers referring to burning of specific elements like hydrogen burning or silicon burning; accept triple alpha process; accept proton–proton chain or CNO cycle until read; prompt on nuclear reactions or nuclear timescale or nuclear statistical equilibrium; reject “combustion”] (The first sentence refers to nuclear quasi-equilibrium in silicon burning.)

SPINA-GT and Jostel’s index are common function tests for this organ. A Burch–Wartofsky point scale of over 45 indicates that this organ is experiencing its namesake “storm.” Excessive cassava consumption can exacerbate a condition affecting this organ due to thiocyanate inhibition of NIS transporters. Pregnant women being treated for a condition of this organ are advised to switch from propylthiouracil (“propyl-thio-uracil”) to metamizole after the first trimester. The levo- isomer mimic of a hormone is administered to patients with a condition of this organ, which is prefixed by “hypo.” Autoimmune diseases affecting this organ include Hashimoto’s and Graves’ diseases. T3 and T4 hormones produced by this organ require incorporation of iodine. For 10 points, name this endocrine gland enlarged in goiters.
ANSWER: thyroid gland [accept hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism] (NIS is the Na+/I− symporter.)

Commoners wore woven grass eye masks to mask themselves as this god while canvassing for alms during the festival of Etzalcualiztli (“et-sall-kwa-LEEST-lee”). Circular indentations resembling tecomates (“tay-ko-MAH-tays”) are present on a monolith from San Miguel that depicts either this god or his wife. Blight and cobwebs were carried within one of the four giant jars possessed by the four aspects of this god that corresponded to the cardinal directions. The rows of a certain Teotihuacan temple alternate the heads of feathered serpents with the heads of this god characterized by sharp fangs and “goggle eyes.” The Templo Mayor contained altars dedicated to Huitzilopochtli (“WEET-see-lo-POCH-tlee”) and this god, who presided over the third sun. For 10 points, Cocijo and Chaac were the Zapotec and Mayan counterparts of what god who ruled over the drowned and sent rain to +10 Sasha Fillbrandt -0 Alice Ton Nu the Aztecs?
ANSWER: Tláloc

The number of these things is the numerator of a ratio that is empirically optimal at about 20, the Chinchilla point. Computations involving the Q, K, and V vectors generated from these things are stored in a KV cache, which improves a metric called the “time to the first” one of these things. The process of converting an input into these things is commonly done using byte-pair encoding. During the prefill stage, IDs corresponding to these things are embedded into a vector that is then passed through multiple transformer layers. The number of these things that can be processed at once is the context window. The cost of AI compute is often reported as the price per one million of these things. For 10 points, name these units of text that large language models split queries into and try to predict the next one of.
ANSWER: tokens [accept tokenization or tokenizers; accept time to first token; accept next token prediction or answers referring to trying to predict the next token; prompt on token-to-parameter ratio or tokens-per-parameter ratio; prompt on words or subwords or symbols or characters by asking “those are converted into what things?”]

A sentry stationed in this location died of fright after witnessing a bear’s ghostly apparition emerge from a door’s threshold. An observatory in this location befouled by bird droppings was relocated to avoid accidentally triggering a kingdom’s collapse. A severed head unearthed at this location faced France to ward off future invaders until it was found by King Arthur; that head was the head of Bran the Blessed. Some have linked the shades of two nightgown-clad boys standing hand-in-hand to two skeletons buried beneath one of this location’s staircases. Men called the Yeoman Warders or “Beefeaters” care for this structure’s six ravens, whose last fight will herald the fall of Britain. For 10 points, the shades of Sir Walter Raleigh and Anne Boleyn supposedly haunt what castle where they were executed?
ANSWER: Tower of London [or His Majesty’s Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London; accept the White Tower; accept White Hill; accept the Jewel House; prompt on the Tower; prompt on Tower Hill by asking “what structure is it associated with?”; prompt on London] (The ghost bear of the Jewel House has been linked by some to Henry III’s polar bear. The observatory was relocated to Greenwich so that the observations could be continued without killing the ravens.)

After losing her legs in one of these locations, Martine Wright played Paralympic volleyball. An erroneous fingerprint match led Brandon Mayfield to be detained after an event in these locations. Australian authorities determined that Banjawarn cattle station had been the site of preparations for an event in this type of location. Police shot Brazilian citizen Jean Charles de Menezes after mistaking him for the perpetrator of a crime in these locations. An attack on these locations was initially wrongly blamed on the ETA. In this type of location, sharpened umbrellas were used to stab newspaper-wrapped packets by members of the cult Aum Shinrikyo. For 10 points, name these locations targeted by a sarin gas attack in Tokyo and by the 7/7 bombings on London’s Circle and Piccadilly Lines.
ANSWER: train [or metro; or commuter rail; or subway; accept train or metro or rail stations; accept London Underground; accept Tube; accept Cercanías; accept Tokyo Metro; prompt on public transportation]

Three different forms of this process are quantified by a single j factor in the Chilton–Colburn analogy. This process names a theorem that links the material derivative and the integral over a control volume of a quantity. Coefficients named for this macroscopic process are related to integrals of a correlation function by the Green–Kubo relations. The matrix of coefficients named for this process is symmetric for near-equilibrium processes described by Onsager’s reciprocal relations. This process names an equation that relates the time evolution of the distribution function to force, diffusion, and collision terms. Boltzmann’s equation is often named for this process. For 10 points, name this ubiquitous, broadly-defined thermodynamic process that may occur through conduction when it occurs to heat.
ANSWER: +10 Akshay Seetharam +10 Joel Miles transport [or transfer; or transport processes; or transport phenomena; or word forms like transporting; accept heat transfer or momentum transfer or mass transfer; accept transport coefficients; accept Reynolds transport theorem; accept Boltzmann transport equation; prompt on diffusion until read by asking “which is a specific instance of what more generalized process?”; prompt on motion, movement, flux, or exchange; prompt on answers referring to reaching equilibrium until read by asking “which involves what process?”]